Instant Notes: Analytical Chemistry

In a vacuum, this wave travels at a fundamental constant speed, co co=2.997 925¥ 108 m s-^1 The wave is characterized in three w ...

absorption spectrum. It must be noted, however, that when a large change occurs (e.g. due to an alteration in the electronic str ...

contain two electrons with opposite spins (ms=±1/2). This is called the Aufbau principle. An example may be used to illustrate t ...

Energy (10–19 J) 0 8.0 0123 Quantum number 7s 7p 7d6d 7f6f 5f 4f 5d 4d 3d 6p 5p 4p 3p 2p 6s 5s 4s 3s 2s 497 813 610 1870 671 248 ...

194 Section E – Spectrometric techniques Rotational levels 3 2 1 0 3 1 4 2 0 Vibrational levels First excited electronic state G ...

Section E – Spectrometric techniques E2 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR SPECTROMETRY Transitions For a given set of energy levels, defined ...

will be less intense. If the sample is activated in another way, for example thermally, then atoms or molecules are promoted to ...

This has considerable importance in practice. For example: ● In infrared spectrometry, suppose a fundamental vibration occurs at ...

log ( Io/ It) =A =ec l where A =the absorbance and e=the molar absorptivity. The value of e(sometimes incorrectly referred to as ...

(i) At high concentrations the solute may chemically affect the nature of the solvent, and hence affect the value of e. Dilute s ...

IF=ln(10) FFIoec l =k” c The proportionality to concentration applies if the absorbance is small, and hence the concentration is ...

Section E – Spectrometric techniques E3 SPECTROMETRIC INSTRUMENTATION In any spectrometer, it is necessary to have the same set ...

visible light using prismsof glass, and these may still be used for some visible spectrometry. Light can also be dispersed by di ...

beams is controlled by slits, which determine the resolution. In a UV spectro- meter the beam is dispersed before passing throug ...

signals, or low intensities, through to large signals. This is the Jacquinot advantage. The Fourier transformation is carried ou ...

Fig. 3. FTIR spectra. (a) Interferogram; (b) FT spectrum of polystyrene plus background; (c) spectrum of polystyrene after subtr ...

Section E – Spectrometric techniques E4 FLAME ATOMIC EMISSION SPECTROMETRY Principles When the salts of some metals are introduc ...

The flame may be produced by burning various gas mixtures, some of which are listed in Table 2. The structure of the flame compr ...

E4 Flame atomic emission spectrometry widely for the determination of alkali and alkaline earth metals. The rapid determination ...

Section E – Spectrometric techniques E5 INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA SPECTROMETRY Principles When heated to temperatures above 600 ...