Analytical chemists and others in many disciplines frequently ask questions such as: What is this
substance?; How concentrated is this solution?; What is the structure of this molecule? The answers to
these and many other similar questions are provided by the techniques and methods of analytical
chemistry. They are common to a wide range of activities, and the demand for analytical data of a
chemical nature is steadily growing. Geologists, biologists, environmental and materials scientists,
physicists, pharmacists, clinicians and engineers may all find it necessary to use or rely on some of the
techniques of analysis described in this book.
If we look back some forty or fifty years, chemical analysis concentrated on perhaps three main areas:
qualitative testing, quantitative determinations, particularly by ‘classical’ techniques such as titrimetry
and gravimetry, and structural analysis by procedures requiring laborious and time-consuming calcu-
lations. The analytical chemist of today has an armoury of instrumental techniques, automated systems
and computers which enable analytical measurements to be made more easily, more quickly and more
accurately.
However, pitfalls still exist for the unwary! Unless the analytical chemist has a thorough understand-
ing of the principles, practice and limitations of each technique he/she employs, results may be inaccu-
rate, ambiguous, misleading or invalid. From many years of stressing the importance of following
appropriate analytical procedures to a large number of students of widely differing abilities, backgrounds
and degrees of enthusiasm, the authors have compiled an up-to-date, unified approach to the study of
analytical chemistry and its applications. Surveys of the day-to-day operations of many industrial and
other analytical laboratories in the UK, Europe and the USA have shown which techniques are the most
widely used, and which are of such limited application that extensive coverage at this level would be
inappropriate. The text therefore includes analytical techniques commonly used by most analytical
laboratories at this time. It is intended both to complement those on inorganic, organic and physical
chemistry in the Instant Notesseries, and to offer to students in chemistry and other disciplines some guid-
ance on the use of analytical techniques where they are relevant to their work. We have not given extended
accounts of complex or more specialized analytical techniques, which might be studied beyond first- and
second-year courses. Nevertheless, the material should be useful as an overview of the subject for those
studying at a more advanced level or working in analytical laboratories, and for revision purposes.
The layout of the book has been determined by the series format and by the requirements of the
overall analytical process. Regardless of the discipline from which the need for chemical analysis arises,
common questions must be asked:
● How should a representative sample be obtained?
● What is to be determined and with what quantitative precision?
● What other components are present and will they interfere with the analytical measurements?
● How much material is available for analysis, and how many samples are to be analyzed?
● What instrumentation is to be used?
● How reliable is the data generated?
These and related questions are considered in Sections A and B.
Most of the subsequent sections provide notes on the principles, instrumentation and applications of
both individual and groups of techniques. Where suitable supplementary texts exist, reference is made
to them, and some suggestions on consulting the primary literature are made.
We have assumed a background roughly equivalent to UK A-level chemistry or a US general
chemistry course. Some simplification of mathematical treatments has been made; for example, in the
sections on statistics, and on the theoretical basis of the various techniques. However, the texts listed
under Further Reading give more comprehensive accounts and further examples of applications.
PREFACE