electron impact ionization (EI) 274
electron probe microanalysis 216
electrophoresis and
electrochromatography
classic 175–176
modes 178–182
principles and instrumentation
174–181
procedures and applications
182–188
qualitative analysis 187
quantitative analysis 187–188
supporting medium 177
electrophoretic mobility 175
electrospray (ES) 274, 302–303
eluotropic series 133, 157
end points 81, 82–83
energy dispersive analysis of X-
rays (EDAX) 216
energy levels
atomic 189, 191–192
molecular 192–194
equilibria in solution 58–60
equivalence points 81, 82–83
see alsoend points
errors
absolute 22
accumulated 25
constant 23
determinate or systematic 22–23
gross 21
indeterminate 23–24
measurement 21
method 22
normal 24, 28
operator 22
proportional 23
random 23
relative 22
evolved gas analysis (EGA) 320
exclusion 124
extraction
efficiency and selectivity
111–112
of metals 113
of organic acids and bases
112–113
techniques 109–110
F-test 36–37
factor analysis (FA) 53
fast Fourier transform (FFT) 259
field desorption (FD) 274
flame ionization detector (FID) 147
flame photometer 207–208
flame test 206
flash vaporization 141
fluorescence 224–225
detectors 164
fluoride electrode 70
fluorimetric analysis 231
force constant 233
formation constants 85
Fourier transform spectrometers
203
fragmentation 270, 275
free induction decay (FID) 203,
257
frequency 190
distribution 23–24
fronting, gas chromatography
(GC) 150
FT-laser Raman spectrometer 239
functional groups 236
galvanic cell 62
gas analysis 246
gas chromatography (GC) 120,
298–301
applications 149–154
fronting 150
instrumentation 137–148
interface with IR 299
interface with MS 294–295
principles 137–138
gas sensing electrodes 72
gas–liquid chromatography (GLC)
123, 137–138, 143, 145
gas–solid chromatography (GSC)
138
Gaussian (normal) distribution 23,
24, 28, 49, 124
gel filtration chromatography 124
gel permeation 124
glass electrode 70
glass transition temperature 313,
316
gradient elution 149, 158
graphite furnace 219
gravimetry 95–97
group frequencies 236
guard column 158
half-wave potential 100
harmonic oscillator 233
headspace analysis 141, 151
Henry’s Law 56
heterogeneous materials 10
high-performance capillary
electrophoresis 176
high-performance liquid
chromatography (HPLC) 120,
166–173
mobile phase 156–157
modes 156, 160, 166–171
normal phase 157, 166
principles and instrumentation
155–165
reversed phase 157, 167
hollow cathode lamp (HCL) 219
homogeneity and heterogeneity 10
hydride generation 220
hydrogen bonding 255
immunoelectrophoresis 183
indicator electrodes 66–69
indicators
acid–base titrations 83
blank 23
compleximetric 91
infrared (IR) microscopy 240, 242
infrared (IR) and Raman
spectrometry 233
applications 242
instrumentation 238
injection seesample injection
instrumentation
electrophoresis and
electrochromatography 181
high-performance liquid
chromatography (HPLC)
155–156
infrared (IR) and Raman
spectometry 238
nuclear magnetic resonance
(NMR) spectrometry 248
interference 13, 208, 221
interferogram 203
ion association complexes 114
ion chromatography (IC) 120–121,
160, 169
ion exchange 123
chromatography (IEC) 120, 168
ion monitoring, selected 295
ion selective electrodes 70
ion selective field effect transistors
(ISFETs) 71
ion source 271
ion spray 274
ion trap 273
ionic atmosphere 57
ionic strength 57–58
ionization techniques 270, 274–275
ionizing solvents 55
ions
pseudomolecular 302
in solution 57–58
isoelectric focusing 182–183
isothermal 145, 149
isotope peaks 275–277
Jones reductor 94
Joule heating 175
laboratory information and
management (LIMS) 148
least squares method 44
light pipe 299
line of best fit 42, 44
linear sorption isotherm 126
linear variable differential
transformer (LVDT) 317
liquid chromatography–mass
spectrometry, interface 302
liquid junction potential 62
liquid membrane electrodes 71
liquids, immiscible 57
loss modulus 317
loss tangent 317
McLafferty rearrangements 278
magnetogyric ratio 250
masking
agents 91, 114
of interfering matrix
components 13
mass analyzers 271–273
mass spectra 277–282
mass spectrometry
fragmentation 270, 275
instrumentation 270–271
principles 270
mass transfer 124–125, 142, 143
mass-to-charge ratio 270
matrix
components 13
effect 15
111
0111
0111
0111
0111
0
111
340 Index
