338 Henry III the Salian
16, 1272, Henry died at Westminster, and his body was
buried in the abbey four days later before the high altar,
with his heart buried with his ancestors at Fontevrault in
France.
Further reading:F. M. Powicke, King Henry III and
the Lord Edward: The Community of the Realm in the Thir-
teenth Century,2 vols. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1947);
David Carpenter, The Minority of Henry III (Berkeley:
University of California Press, 1990); David Carpenter,
The Reign of Henry III(London: The Hambledon Press,
1996).
Henry III the Salian(1017–1056) king of Germany,
Holy Roman Empire, 1215–1250
Son of the emperor Conrad II (r. 1024–39), born on
October 28, 1017, Henry was crowned king at the age of
10 in 1028. He soon received the duchies of BAVARIA,
Carinthia, and SWABIA; became king of BURGUNDY in
1038; and succeeded his father on June 3, 1039. He
received the imperial Crown in ROMEon Christmas Day,
1046, from the pope, Clement II (r. 1046–47), whom he
had appointed in a disputed papal election. Greatly
attached to reform of the church, he appointed reforming
popes from 1046 to 1054 from among German bishops
and supported the CLUNIACmovement. His appointments
included Leo IX (r. 1049–54), the pope who began
what became the GREGORIANREFORM. He successfully
defended his kingdom against the Hungarians. A mar-
riage to Agnes of Poitou, his second wife, was questioned
because of consanguinity in 1043. The first monarch to
take the title of king of the Romans, he died suddenly
at age 39 on October 5, 1056, with only a minor son to
succeed him.
Further reading: Karl Hampe, Germany under the
Salian and Hohenstaufen Emperors,trans. Ralph Bennett
(1909; reprint, Totowa, N.J.: Rowman & Littlefield,
1973), 47–59; William North, “Henry III (1028/1046–
1056),” in Medieval Germany: An Encyclopedia,ed. John
M. Jeep (New York: Garland, 2001), 342–34; Stefan
Weinfurter, The Salian Century: Main Currents in an Age
of Transition, trans. Barbara M. Bowlus (Philadelphia:
University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999), 85–111, 193–194.
Henry V, king of England (Prince Hal)(1387–1422)
victor of the Battle of Agincourt
The eldest son of King Henry IV (r. 1399–1413) of
Lancaster and Mary de Bohun, Henry V was born at
Monmouth on August 9, 1387. His early military training
was under Thomas Percy (1344–1403), earl of Worcester,
and he was probably educated at Queen’s College,
OXFORD, under his uncle, Henry Beaufort (d. 1447), the
later bishop of Winchester. Henry’s early years were spent
in various military campaigns, and in IRELAND in
1398–99 he was temporarily a hostage of RICHARDII. As a
teenager Henry was leading royal forces against Conway,
Merioneth, and Carnarvon, fighting Owian GLYNDWR,
fighting with his father at Shrewsbury; two years later
capturing Aberystwith; and by 1407 invading SCOTLAND.
He also fought in France against the Armagnacs. Ascend-
ing to the throne on March 21, 1413, Henry was so
secure that he pardoned the Percy family, who had con-
spired against his father, and gave the remains of Richard
II an honorable burial in an attempt to secure acceptance
of his father’s seizure of the throne.
In religious matters the devoted Henry followed his
father’s policies: the abolition of foreign control of eccle-
siastical properties, the repression of the LOLLARDS in
1414, and the arrest of Sir John Oldcastle (d. 1417) three
years later. However, he appears to have been favorable to
the plan of the lay peers to confiscate some of the
church’s wealth.VICTORY AT AGINCOURT
In foreign affairs the ruthless Henry revived the English
claims to the French Crown. In August 1415, after defeat-
ing a conspiracy to remove him from the throne, he led an
army of some 20,000 foot soldiers and 9,000 horsemen to
attack Harfleur in France. After losing a large part of this
army because of illness, he marched to take Calais as a
base for further operations. On the way, unable to avoid a
vastly superior French army, he fought at AGINCOURTon
October 25, 1415, gaining a great victory and capturing
the constable of France and the duke of Orléans.FURTHER CAMPAIGNS; EARLY DEATH
Henry had to return to England to obtain new supplies
and manpower and to build an adequate navy. By 1417 he
was back in France to attack Cherbourg, Coutances,
Avranches, Evreux, most of NORMANDY, and the strategic
city of ROUEN. By making an alliance with PHILIP THE
GOOD, the duke of Burgundy, Henry was able to impose
on the French the Treaty of Troyes on May 21, 1420. In it
he was declared the heir to Charles VI (r. 1380–1422),
the regent of France, and the lord of Normandy. He had
thus united the thrones of England and France, binding
them even further by his marriage to Catherine of France,
the daughter of Charles VI.
The teenage French dauphin, the future Charles VII
(r. 1422–61), did not accept the treaty and continued to
oppose Henry, who had to return to campaigning, captur-
ing Melun in November and making a triumphal
entrance into Paris the following month for ratification of
the treaty by the PARLEMENTof PARIS. After making plans
for the governing of Normandy, Henry took his French
bride to England to be crowned queen and devoted time
to internal affairs, reforming the BENEDICTINEmonaster-
ies and dealing with James I (r. 1406–37) of Scotland.
After a defeat of the English forces on the continent,
Henry had to return again to France to restore his control
in March 1421. He drove the forces of the dauphin
Charles back across the Loire. After a successful siege of