416 justice, administration of
govern equity in mutual exchange, voluntarily and
involuntarily. This was an important aspect of the con-
cept of the just price. The offenses committed against
any form of justice might be homicide and violence
against others, verbal injuries and injustices in court
and society, as well as theft and USURY. Religion sought
to render justly to GODthe honor due to him and made
that an aspect of justice. For Aquinas justice surpassed
in value all the other moral virtues. In the later Middle
Ages these ideas of justice were propagated through pas-
toral care for SOULSin terms of ideas about the just roles
of the state and the individual.
See alsoECONOMIC THOUGHT AND JUSTICE; PREACHING.
Further reading:John W. Baldwin, The Medieval The-
ories of the Just Price: Romanists, Canonists, and Theolo-
gians in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries, Transactions
of the American Philosophical Association, NS 49:4
(Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1959);
John Gilchrist, The Church and Economic Activity in the
Middle Ages(London: Macmillan, 1969).
justice, administration of See CRIME, PUNISHMENT,
AND THE COURTS.
Justinian I(Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Justinianus)
(482–565)Byzantine emperor who temporarily reunified
the Eastern and Western Empires
Justinian was born Flavius Petrus Sabbatius in the Mace-
donian Balkans on May 11, 482. His parents were of
LATIN-speaking Thracian-Illyrian peasant background. All
we know of his youth was that he was taken under the
wing of his uncle, Justin, the future emperor Justin I
(r. 518– 527), who took him to CONSTANTINOPLEfor an
education. The youth took the name Justinianus out of
respect for his helpful uncle. After thorough schooling,
which left him with a particular taste for THEOLOGY, Jus-
tinian was promoted by his uncle in rapid advancement in
the army. When the childless Anastasios I (r. 491–518)
died in 518, Justin was unexpectedly made emperor, at
age 66, as Justin I. Justinian rose to caesar in 525 and
finally became emperor and successor on August 1, 527. It
was also during this time that Justinian arranged to marry
THEODORA, thereby acquiring an important partner.EMPEROR OF BYZANTIUM AND
CRUSHING RESISTANCE
When Justin I died on August 1, 527, Justinian (and
Theodora) succeeded to the throne. During the first four