458 Lupus Servatus of Ferrières
stayed at Majorca to learn Arabic from a slave. He wrote a
book, the Ars magna,which tried to show the necessary
reasons for the truth of the Christian faith. To try to con-
vert Muslims by such ideas, he traveled to TUNISin 1293
and 1314–15 and to Algiers in 1307. In the meantime he
traveled throughout the courts of Europe to convince the
leaders of CHRISTENDOMof the importance of creating
schools to teach languages and preaching techniques. He
established centers promoting there evangelical ideas in
Paris, GENOA, and Majorca. According to legend, he was
stoned to death in North Africa in 1315 or 1316.
LULLISMDespite his frequent psychological crises he described in
his autobiography, Lull wrote about 280 works, of which
some 240 survive. As well as the Ars magna,he produced
a series of works on LOGIC, MEDICINE, LAW, andPREACH-
ING, as well as an anti-Averroist work. He was a skillful
writer of Catalan and explained his doctrines in interreli-
gious dialogues such as the Book of the Gentile and the
Three Sagesin 1270–73 and in romances such as Blan-
quernain 1283 and Felixin 1287–89. He left a graphic
account of his mystical experiences in De amico et amato
in 1276. A book on CHIVALRYwas translated in other lan-
guages and widely circulated.
His ideas and the ensuing Lullist movement were
perceived to manifest clear religious radicalism in their
alleged hermetical, mystical, and alchemical doctrines.
Many works that circulated with his name he certainly
did not write. The spread of this evolved form of Lullism
was opposed in Catalonia by a Dominican inquisitor in
Aragon, who managed to obtain a condemnation of what
he portrayed as Lullism from Pope Gregory XI (r.
1371–78) in 1376. In France, John GERSON, after a con-
demnation of some of them by the University of Paris in
1390, attacked Lull’s doctrines. Despite these condemna-
tions and attacks, Ramón’s work was influential in the
ideas of NICHOLASof Cusa and Pico della MIRANDOLA.
See alsoAL-GHAZALI; MYSTICISM, CHRISTIAN; NEOPLA-
TONISM ANDPLATONISM IN THEMIDDLEAGES.
Further reading: Ramon Lull, Selected Works
of Ramón Llull (1232–1316), ed. and trans. Anthony
Bonner, 2 vols. (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University
Press, 1985); Ramon Llull, Doctor Illuminatus: A Ramón
Llull Reader,ed. and trans. Anthony Bonner (Princeton,
N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1993); J. N. Hillgarth,
Ramon Lull and Lullism in Fourteenth-Century France
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971); Mark D. Johnston,
The Spiritual Logic of Ramon Lull (Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 1987).
Lupus Servatus of Ferrières(ca. 805–ca. 862)abbot
of Ferrières
Lupus was born in about 805 to a noble Bavarian-
Frankish family in the region of Auxerre near Sens.
Nicknamed Servatus, he entered the monastery of Fer-
rières as a youth. From 829 to 836 he studied with HRA-
BANUS Maurus at the monastery of FULDA, where he
encountered EINHARD and Gottschalk of Orbais (d.
868). There he also participated in writing a collection
of laws and the biographies of Saint Wigbert and Saint
Maximinus. CHARLES THEBALDappointed him abbot of
Ferrières on November 22, 840, and sent him on mis-
sions as an ambassador. In 849 he wrote treatises on
PREDESTINATION, free will, and REDEMPTION; but he was
not much of a theologian. As more a monk with human-
ist and classical interests, he went in search of
manuscripts, especially texts by classical authors. He
had them recopied and often annotated. He died about
862 but left one of the most important collections of let-
ters from the ninth century.
See alsoCAROLINGIAN RENAISSANCE.
Further reading:Lupus Servatus of Ferrières, The
Letters of Lupus of Ferrières,trans. Graydon W. Resenos
(The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1966); Charles H. Beeson,
Lupus of Ferrières as Scribe and Text Critic: A Study of His
Autograph Copy of Cicero’s De oratore(Cambridge, Mass.:
Mediaeval Academy of America, 1930); Robert J. Gariepy,
Lupus of Ferrières and the Classics(Darien, Conn.: Mono-
graphic Press, 1967).Lusignans They were a family of Poitou in western
FRANCE, named after a 10th-century CASTLEthere. The
dynasty was founded in the 10th century by one Hugh of
Lusignan (fl. 980). They were vassals of the dukes of
AQUITAINE. Two members of a cadet branch of the family
were active in the CRUSADESin 12th century. One, Amalric
(1135–74), became the constable of the kingdom. His
brother, Guy (1129–94), joined him and married the sis-
ter and heiress of King BALDWINIV. In 1186 Guy became
the king of JERUSALEM, but after his defeat at the Battle of
HATTINin 1187, he moved to CYPRUS, where the family
reigned until the 15th century. Guy bought Cyprus from
RICHARDI LIONHEARTin 1192 and in 1194 left the island
to Aimery (r. 1194–1205), the true builder of the king-
dom. On the death of Hugh II in 1267, the throne passed
to his first cousin, Hugh III of ANTIOCH(r. 1267–84),
who took the name and arms of Lusignan and from 1268
called himself king of Jerusalem.
The family fought many unsuccessful wars against
the Muslims near Antioch and in EGYPT. They eventually
lost control of the most important town on Cyprus, Fam-
agusta, to the Genoese in 1374. In the 15th century they
were forced to become the vassals of the MAMLUKSin
Egypt. Eventually their kingdom in Cyprus fell under the
control of the Venetians in 1489.
In the meantime, the heads of the once powerful
family in France tried to maintain their principality.
They fought with PHILIPII AUGUSTUSagainst the English
king JOHNLACKLANDand John’s son, King HENRYIII, but