588 Poland
larger towns and in certain regions, Jewish communities
appeared in Silesia, emphasizing still more the diversity
of a commercial middle class.
CASIMIR THE GREAT AND LATER HISTORYAt the time he was crowned king in 1320, Ladislas or
Wladyslaw the Short (r. 1305/06–1333), held only two
provinces, Great Poland and Little Poland. The Teutonic
Knights had occupied East Pomerania and the town
of Gdan ́ sk or Danzig, while the Bohemians had taken
possession of the rich province, of Silesia. The reign of
CASIMIRthe Great (r. 1333–70) produced stability. He
profited from the his successes against the Tatars and
annexed Red Ruthenia or GALICIA, the western part of
Ukraine, into Poland after 1340. The old province of
Mazovia became a FIEF of the Crown. Founded by
Casimir in 1364, the University of CRACOW grew and
trained jurists for royal service. Casimir’s nephew, Louis
of Anjou, king of HUNGARY(r. 1370–82), united Poland
and Hungary. Louis’s daughter, Hedwig or Jadwiga
(ca. 1383–99) was queen of Poland between 1384 and- She married in 1386 the pagan Jagiello, or Jagailo,
the grand duke of LITHUANIA, who took the name Ladislas,
or Wladyslav, II at his baptism on February 15, 1386. At