676 Stephen Dusˇan
from the HOLYROMANEMPIRE. Stephen also organized his
realm, established an army, promoted agricultural devel-
opment and settlement, and established the kingdom’s
legal institutions. He died on August 15, 1038, at Royal
Alba in Hungary.
See alsoÁRPÁDS DYNASTY.
Further reading:Pál Engle, The Realm of St. Stephen: A
History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526,trans. Tamás Pálos-
falvi and ed. Andrew Ayton (London: I. B. Tauris, 2001);
György Györffy, King Saint Stephen of Hungary(Boulder:
Social Science Monographs, 1994); Attila Zsoldos, ed.,
Saint Stephen and His Country: A Newborn Kingdom in Cen-
tral Europe, Hungary(Budapest: Lucidus, 2001).
Stephen Dusˇan(Stefan Urosˇ IV Dusˇan, Dusˇan the
Mighty, Stephen Dushan)(1308–1355) king and later
czar of the Serbs and Greeks
Stephen was born in 1308, the son of Stephen III
Decˇanski (r. 1321–31), in central SERBIA. He grew up in
exile with his father in CONSTANTINOPLEbetween 1314
and 1320. After campaigning successfully against the
Bosnians and BULGARS, he deposed his father with the
support of aristocrats and assumed the Crown in 1331.
He enlarged the Serbian state far into GREECE,ALBANIA,
around DURAZZO,MACEDONIA, and Mount ATHOS.On
April 16, 1346, he was crowned czar at Skopje by the
patriarch of the Serbian Church with the participation of
the archbishop of OCHRIDAand the patriarch of Trnovo.
This led to a break from Constantinople and a condemna-
tion of Stephen and the patriarch of Serbia in 1350.
Dusˇan convened diets in 1349 and 1354 that drew up a
code of laws. He founded the monastery of the Holy
Archangels in 1348. He remained on good terms with the
PAPACY but was never made the leader of a CRUSADE
against the OTTOMANTURKSin the Balkans. He died on
December 20, 1355, near Prizen in Serbia.
Further reading:John V. A. Fine, The Late Medieval
Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to
the Ottoman Conquest(Ann Arbor: University of Michigan
Press, 1994); George C. Soulis, The Serbs and Byzantium
during the Reign of Tsar Stephen Dusan (1331–1355) and
his Successors (Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks
Library and Collection, 1984)
Stephen Langton(ca. 1155–1228)teacher, preacher,
scholar, archbishop of Canterbury
Stephen Langton was born about 1155, the son of a Lin-
colnshire Knight. He was educated at PARISas a pupil of
Peter Cantor (d. 1197). From about 1180 he was a master
of THEOLOGYat the University of Paris. His method of
dividing the book of the BIBLEformed the basis for the
present system. He also wrote significant theological
studies, glosses, commentaries, and collections of SER-
MONS. At Paris he met Lothario di Segni, the later Pope
INNOCENT III. Innocent later made him the cardinal-
priest of San Crisogono on June 22, 1206. He was arch-
bishop of CANTERBURYfrom December 1206 (with conse-
cration on June 17, 1207) until his death on July 9, 1228.
He was a compromise papal choice for Canterbury
because of a dispute over the election between King JOHN
LACKLANDand the monks of Canterbury. John rejected
Stephen, and ENGLANDthen suffered an INTERDICTfrom
1207 onward. John was excommunicated from 1209 until
he agreed to accept Stephen.
Stephen arrived in England at the moment when a
baronial revolt that led to the MAGNACARTAwas beginning
in 1213. Cooperating with the barons, he was present at
Runnymede in June 1215, and his name was affixed to the
Magna Carta. He associated himself with the rebels to limit
John’s arbitrary behavior. His continued support of the
barons, even after the king had made his peace with Inno-
cent III, earned him the pope’s displeasure because of his
lack of support for a papal ally. Innocent then suspended
him. Both John and Innocent died in 1216. So Stephen was
restored to his archbishopric in 1218 and became influen-
tial in the regency of the young HENRYIII. Stephen attended
the Fourth Lateran Council in Rome in 1215 and promul-
gated its important reforming decrees at a provincial coun-
cil at OXFORDin 1222. He was also a supporter of his
martyred predecessor, Thomas BECKET. Becket’s martyrdom
was depicted on Stephen’s seal and he presided in 1220 at
the translation of Becket’s bones to a specially constructed
chapel in Canterbury Cathedral. He died July 9, 1228.
Further reading: Frederick M. Powicke, Stephen
Langton, Being the Ford Lectures Delivered in the University
of Oxford in Hilary Term 1927(Oxford: Clarendon Press,
1928); Phyllis Roberts, Studies in the Sermons of Stephen
Langton(Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Stud-
ies, 1968).Stilicho (Flavius)(ca. 365–408)barbarian general for
the late Roman Empire
Born half Vandal and half Roman, Stilicho was the mili-
tary commander of the Western Roman Empire between
395 and 408. As regent for the young Honorius (r.
395–423), he defeated a Visigothic invasion of ITA LYled
by ALARICin 401–2. He later destroyed other gangs of
Gothic invaders, in 405 and 406. On December 31, 406,
however, more tribes flooded in as the VANDALS,ALANS,
and Suevi crossed the Rhine River. Stilicho’s subsequent
attempt to extend imperial control over ILLYRICUM, in 407
failed, and he was forced to pay Alaric, then an ally in the
campaign, 5,000 pounds of GOLD. After he lost the favor
of Honorius, in 408 a palace revolution led to his accep-
tance of defeat, imprisonment, and execution.
Further reading:Alan Cameron, Claudian: Poetry and
Propaganda at the Court of Honorius(Oxford: Clarendon
Press, 1970); John Matthews, Western Aristocracies and
Imperial Court, A.D. 364–425(Oxford: Clarendon Press,
1975).