Tyre 705only to that of ACREin importance. In 1187, after the
defeat at the Battle of the Horns of HATTINand the col-
lapse of the Latin Kingdom of JERUSALEM, Tyre became
the only city of the kingdom that successfully resisted
conquest by SALADIN. It was thus the most important
base for the Third CRUSADEof RICHARDI LIONHEARTand
PHILIPII AUGUSTUS. In the 13th century a COMMUNEwas
established at Tyre, but it remained, dominated by Venice.
It had a famous glass industry, but its reconquest by the
Muslims forced many of its Christian artisans to move to
Venice, onto the nearby island of Murano. It was con-
quered by the MAMLUKSin 1291, was neglected, and then
declined in the later Middle Ages. The OTTOMANTURKS
took over the city in 1516.
Further reading:Wallace Bruce Fleming, The History
of Tyre(1915; reprint, New York: AMS Press, 1966); Nina
Jidejian, Tyre through the Ages(Beirut: Dar el-Mashreq
Publishers, 1969).