756 Wycliffe, John
reform. These had a later life in England and were asso-
ciated with the LOLLARDSand their heretical notions and
the suspicious movement to translate the BIBLEinto
English. Wycliffe was linked, too, with the questioning
of unworthy ecclesiastical authority and the practices of
images, PILGRIMAGES, INDULGENCES, and prayers for the
dead. He spent the last years of his life attacking his
enemies. He was left alone and died peacefully at Lutter-
worth in Leicestershire on December 31, 1384. The
Council of CONSTANCE(1414–18) ordered his writing
burned and his remains removed from consecrated
ground.
See alsoANTICLERICALISM; SIMONY;WALDENSIANS.
Further reading:John Wycliffe, On Simony, trans.
Terrence A. McVeigh (New York: Fordham University
Press, 1992); John Wycliffe, Select English Works of John
Wyclif (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1869–1871); Anne
Hudson, ed., English Wycliffite Sermons,5 vols. (Oxford:
Clarendon Press, 1983–1996); Jeremy Catto, “Wycliff and
Wyclifism at Oxford, 1356–1430,” in History of the Uni-
versity of Oxford,Vol. 2 (Oxford: Oxford University Press,
1992), 175–261; Joseph H. Dahmus, The Prosecution of
John Wyclyf(New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press,
1952); Anthony Kenny, Wyclif(Oxford: Oxford Univer-
sity Press, 1985); K. B. McFarlane, John Wycliffe and the
Beginnings of English Nonconformity(New York: Macmil-
lan, 1953); John Robon, Wyclif and the Oxford Schools:
The Relation of the “Summa de ente” to Scholastic Debates
at Oxford in the Later Fourteenth Century (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1961).