SION), and therefore increases its adhesion to a solid
surface.
Wheland intermediate SeeMEISENHEIMER ADDUCT;
SIGMA(σ) ADDUCT.
Whipple, George Hoyt (1878–1976) American
Pathologist George Hoyt Whipple was born on
August 28, 1878, in Ashland, New Hampshire, to Dr.
Ashley Cooper Whipple and Frances Hoyt. Whipple
was educated at Phillips Academy in Andover and
received a B.A. at Yale University in 1900. He then
completed Johns Hopkins University and received his
M.D. degree in 1905 and was appointed an assistant in
pathology at the Johns Hopkins Medical School. In
1914 he was appointed professor of research medicine
at the University of California Medical School and
director of the Hooper Foundation for Medical
Research at that university, serving as dean of the medi-
cal school during the years 1920 and 1921. In 1921 he
was appointed professor of pathology and dean of the
School of Medicine and Dentistry at the University of
Rochester and became the founding dean of the univer-
sity’s School of Medicine (1921–53) and chair of the
pathology department.
Whipple’s main researches were concerned with
anemia and the physiology and pathology of the liver.
In 1908 he began a study of bile pigments that led to
his interest in the body’s manufacture of the oxygen-
carrying hemoglobin, an important element in the pro-
duction of bile pigments. His studies dealt with the
effect of foods on the regeneration of blood cells and
hemoglobin in 1918. Between 1923 and 1925, his
experiments in artificial anemia were instrumental in
determining that iron is the most potent inorganic fac-
tor to form red blood cells.
For his work on liver research and treatment of
anemia he was awarded, together with George R.
Minot and William P. Murphy, the Nobel Prize for
physiology or medicine in 1934. Whipple published
many scientific papers in physiological journals.
He died on February 2, 1976, at Rochester, New
York. His birthplace home on Pleasant Street in Ash-
land was listed on the National Register in 1978.Wilson’s disease An inherited condition in which
copper fails to be excreted in the bile. Copper accumu-
lates progressively in the liver, brain, kidney, and red
blood cells. As the amount of copper accumulates,
hemolytic anemia, chronic liver disease, and a neuro-
logical syndrome develop.
See alsoCHELATION THERAPY.Woodward-Hoffmann rules See ORBITAL SYMME-
TRY.work The movement of an object against some force
over a distance.work function Energy needed to remove an electron
from the Fermi level (energy of the highest occupied
state at zero temperature) in a metal to a point at infi-
nite distance away outside the surface. The minimum
energy that must be supplied to extract an electron
from a solid.work function 281