The History of Christianity: From the Disciples to the Dawn of the Reformation

Innocent III • A full century later, we meet another super-pope, Innocent III (1160–1216; r. 1198–1216), who displayed an eve ...

Lecture 32: Papal Revolution • The high point of Innocent III’s papacy was the Fourth Lateran Council, called in 1213 and hel ...

order of women known as the Poor Clares. o Innocent III approved Francis’s short rule for the friars in 1209, and Francis may ha ...

Lecture 32: Papal Revolution suspected of heresy), but because of their great learning and dedication, both Dominicans and Franc ...

Universities and Theology Lecture 33 O ne of the most impressive signs of a mature Christian culture in the High Middle Ages was ...

Lecture 33: Universities and Theology • In such cities as Bologna and Paris, the number of cathedrals and monastic houses, ea ...

either law or theology—the professional schools that prepared leaders for church and state. o The first part of the liberal arts ...

Lecture 33: Universities and Theology within a short time; thus, Scripture was employed technically as “proof texts” for theolog ...

Thomas Aquinas and John Duns Scotus • A brief look at two great Scholastic theologians reveals both the consistency and diver ...

Lecture 33: Universities and Theology doctorate in Paris and became a master there in 1305 before his life ended in Cologne. o D ...

o The poem is an impressive fusion of classical and Christian cultures; both the descent to the underworld and the ascent to hea ...

Lecture 34: The Great Plague The Great Plague Lecture 34 T he self-confident ventures of the High Middle Ages—the Crusades, cath ...

acknowledging that authority. In 1303, he died as a prisoner in the Vatican. o In 1309, the French pope Clement V took up reside ...

Lecture 34: The Great Plague bishops, although they still relied on secular authorities to carry out their decisions. o Even mor ...

The Rise of Mysticism • Perhaps not surprising in an age of such external turmoil, the 14th and early 15th centuries saw the ...

Lecture 34: The Great Plague Vernacular Literature • Vernacular literature—increasingly widely disseminated with the inventio ...

influential (on Chaucer, among others) through his poetry composed in Italian, in which themes of both human romantic love and r ...

Lecture 34: The Great Plague How does the inquisition appear from this distance as a desperate effort to exercise control in a ...

Corruption and the Beginnings of Reform Lecture 35 T hroughout its history, Christianity has had the ability to generate reform ...

Lecture 35: Corruption and the Beginnings of Reform • Emerging first from a struggle simply to survive, Christianity grew to ...