Tallen, H., Stein, W.H. and Moore, S. (1954) 3-Methylhistidine, a new amino acid from human urine.
Journal of Biological Chemistry206, 825–834.
van den Hemel-Grooten, H.N.A., Koohmaraie, M., Yen, J.T., Arbona, J.R., Rathmacher, J.A., Nissen,
S.L., Fiortto, M.L., Garssen, G.J. and Verstegen, M.W.A. (1995) Comparision between 3-methyl-
histidine production and proteinase activity as measures of skeletal muscle breakdown in
protein-deficient growing barrows. Journal of Animal Science73, 2272–2281.
van den Hemel-Grooten, H.N.A., Rathmacher, J.A., Garssen, G.J., Schreurs, V.V.A.M. and Verstegen,
M.W.A. (1997) Contribution of gastrointestinal tract to whole-body 3-methylhistidine
production in growing pigs. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition77, 84–90.
van den Hemel-Grooten, H.N.A., Rathmacher, J.A., Garssen, G.J., Schreurs, V.V.A.M. and Verstegen,
M.W.A. (1998) Whole body 3-methylhistidine production rate and proteinase activities in
different skeletal muscles. Livestock Production Science55, 145–156.
Waterlow, J.C. (1969) The assessment of protein nutrition and metabolism in the whole animal, with
special reference to man. In: Munro, H. (ed.) Mammalian Protein Metabolism, Vol. III. Academic
Press, New York, pp. 325–390.
Waterlow, J.C. (1981)^15 N end-product methods for the study of whole body protein turnover.
Proceedings of the Nutrition Society40, 317–320.
Waterlow, J.C. and Stephen, J.M. (1966) Adaptation of the rat to a low-protein diet: the effect of a
reduced protein intake on the pattern of incorporation of L-[^14 C]lysine. British Journal of
Nutrition20, 461–484.
Waterlow, J.C., Garlick, P.J. and Millward, D.J. (1978) Protein Turnover in Mammalian Tissues and in
the Whole Body.Elsevier North-Holland, Amsterdam.
Wessels, R.H., Titgemeyer, E.C. and St Jean, G. (1997) Effect of amino acid supplementation on
whole-body protein turnover in Holstein steers. Journal of Animal Science75, 3066–3073.
Wolfe, R.R. (1992) Radioactive and Stable Isotope Tracers in Biomedicine: Principles and Practice of
Kinetic Analysis. Wiley-Liss, New York.
Young, V.R. and Munro, H.N. (1978) Nt-Methylhistidine (3-methylhistidine) and muscle protein
turnover: an overview. Federation Proceedings37, 2291–2300.
Young, V.R., Alex, S.D., Baliga, B.S., Munro, H.N. and Muecke, W. (1972) Metabolism of adminis-
tered 3-methylhistidine: lack of muscle transfer ribonucleic acid charging and quantitative
excretion as 3-methylhistidine and its N-acetyl derivative. Journal of Biological Chemistry217,
3592–3600.
Zhang, X.J., Chinkes, D.L., Sakurai, Y. and Wolfe, R.R. (1996) An isotopic method for measurement of
muscle protein fractional breakdown rate in vivo. American Journal of Physiology 270,
E759–E767.
Measurement and Significance of Protein Turnover 47