Major Electrolytescontinued Clinical Chemistry Review 94
ANALYTE REFERENCE RANGE CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OTHER
Chloride
(Cl–)
CO 2 , total
98–107 mmol/L
23–29 mmol/L
↑(hyperchloremia): Due to same conditions as
↑Na+ & excess loss of HCO 3 –.
↓(hypochloremia): From prolonged vomiting,
diabetic ketoacidosis, aldosterone deficiency,
salt-losing renal diseases, metabolic alkalosis,
compensated respiratory acidosis
↑in metabolic alkalosis, compensated
respiratory acidosis
↓in metabolic acidosis, compensated
respiratory alkalosis
Major extracellular ion. Helps maintain
osmolality, blood volume, electric neutrality.
Passively follows Na+. Most common
method is ISE. Sweat chloride test for Dx
of cystic fibrosis.
>90% is bicarbonate (HCO 3 – ); remainder
is carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3 ) & dissolved CO 2. HCO 3 –
important in maintaining acid-base balance.
Keep sample capped to prevent loss of CO 2.
Measured by ISE or enzymatic method.
