Contentscontinued xviii
General Sources of Error With Reagent
Strip Testing, 492
Specific Sources of Error with Reagent
Strip Testing, 494
Other Urine Chemistry Tests, 496
Glucose Oxidase versus Copper
Reduction, 498
Epithelial Cells in the Urine Sediment,
499
Blood Cells in the Urine Sediment, 501
Normal Crystals Found in Acid or
Neutral Urine, 502
Normal Crystals Found in Alkaline Urine,
503
Abnormal Crystals, 505
Casts, 507
Miscellaneous Urine Sediment, 509
Renal Disorders, 511
Urinalysis Correlations, 512
Cerebrospinal Fluid, 514
Differential Diagnosis of Meningitis, 516
Body Fluids, 517
Differentiation of Transudates and
Exudates, 518
Synovial Fluid, 519Synovial Fluid Crystals, 520
Semen Analysis, 521
Amniotic Fluid Tests, 522
Section 8 Molecular Diagnostics (MDx)
Review, 523
Nucleic Acid Terminology, 524
Comparison of DNA and RNA, 527
Nitrogen Bases, 529
Nucleotides, 530
DNA Replication Terminology, 532
DNA Replication, 534
Primer Extension, 536
Discontinuous Synthesis of DNA on
Lagging Strand, 537
Gene Expression Terminology, 538
Protein Synthesis, 540
Basic MDx Terminology, 541
Overview of MDx, 543
Blood Collection Tubes for MDx, 544
Specimens for MDx, 545
Specimen Processing, 547
Isolation of DNA, 548
Comparison of RNA & DNA Isolation,
549Assessment of Nucleic Acid
Yield/Quality, 550
Amplification Terminology, 551
Components of Polymerase Chain
Reaction (PCR), 554
Steps in PCR, 555
PCR Controls, 558
Other Target Amplification Methods,
559
Other Amplification Methods, 560
Hybridization Assays, 561
Gel Electrophoresis, 563
Blotting, 564
DNA Sequencing/Variation
Terminology, 565
Sanger Dideoxy Chain Termination
Method, 567
Setup of Sanger Dideoxy Chain
Termination Method, 569
Strengths and Limitations of Molecular
Testing, 570
Causes and Prevention of False Results
in MDx, 571
Clinical Applications of Molecular
Diagnosis, 573
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