Psychological Tests and Forensic Assessment Instruments in the Courtroom 131particular outcome and that attempts will be made to influence the conclusions of
an evaluation in their favor.
Forensic assessment instruments have been under development for the past 2
decades. According to Melton et al, (1997), these instruments are more focused to
specific legal criteria and have been tested on relevant legal populations. However,
these researchers acknowledge that many of these instruments are conceptually
flawed and lack empirical research. Forensic psychologists are left to determine the
methodology of the various psychological tests and forensic assessment instruments
available to them as well as their relevance to the legal question.
Forensic Psychology and Policy Implications
Research indicates that traditional psychological tests will continue to be used
in forensic assessments. However, as more instruments are developed to address
specific legal questions, their role will diminish. Lanyon (1986) points out that
years ago traditional psychological instruments were considered adequate to answer
all questions in the realm of neuropsychology, specifically, the presence or absence
of organicity. He suggests that the area of forensic psychology will also develop its
own psychometric instruments specific to legally relevant behaviors.
Some researchers are calling for "... the development of an independent set
of standards for the selection, administration, and interpretation of psychological
testing in forensic contexts (Heilbrun, 1992, p. 269). The case illustration of the
father who is assumed to have sexually abused his child due to his "response style
to the projective drawings" demonstrates the need for more accuracy in test ad-
ministration and interpretation as well as corroborating data if possible in forensic
contexts (Wakefield & Underwager, 1993, p. 57). The consequences of a custody
dispute as well as accusations of sexual abuse could result in this father's loss of his
child and possible incarceration.
Forensic psychologists are continually trying to improve their effectiveness in the
legal arena. Unfortunately, many criticisms have been leveled regarding the role of
psychologists in the courtroom by legal professionals. The subjective and unreliable
nature of the instruments used for assessment is a primary criticism. Techniques by
which forensic psychologists can be more effective, persuasive, and credible in legal
proceedings are being developed and put into practice.
Suggestions for Future Research
Clearly, the development of methodologically sound forensic assessment instru-
ments is needed. Those FAIs in current use are in need of additional research to
determine their validity and reliability. Research is also necessary to determine if
these instruments produce any positive trends when used in forensic evaluations.