fluoride continues to interact with the enamel
through its presence in the saliva. Dentists also
may apply topical fluoride to the surfaces of the
teeth for added protection.
The American Dental Association and numer-
ous other health organizations advocate fluorida-
tion, though some groups question the safety of
the practice. In the decades since fluoridation
became public policy, numerous claims about
adverse health effects have surfaced. Investiga-
tions of those concerns have failed to produce
conclusive evidence to validate them, when fluo-
ride levels are within the established therapeutic
ranges. Excessive fluoride consumption can cause
dental fluoridosis, in which dark stains appear on
the teeth. Though harmless, the tooth stains are
permanent. Children should use fluoridated
toothpaste in small amounts and with close
parental supervision.
See also ORAL HYGIENE.fluoridation 25