Morphine 309Morphine apparently passes into a mother’s milk. One case report described
the amount as minimal and found no effect on the nursing infant, but another
report tells of an infant receiving so much morphine from milk that depen-
dence developed.
Additional scientific information may be found in:
Hamilton, G.R., and T.F. Baskett. “In the Arms of Morpheus, the Development of Mor-
phine for Postoperative Pain Relief.”Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia47 (2000):
367–74.
Hill, J.L., and J.P. Zacny. “Comparing the Subjective, Psychomotor, and Physiological
Effects of Intravenous Hydromorphone and Morphine in Healthy Volunteers.”
Psychopharmacology152 (2000): 31–39.
O’Neill, W.M., et al. “The Cognitive and Psychomotor Effects of Morphine in Healthy
Subjects: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Repeated (Four) Oral Doses of Dex-
tropropoxyphene, Morphine, Lorazepam and Placebo.”Pain85 (2000): 209–15.
Walker, D.J., and J.P. Zacny. “Subjective, Psychomotor, and Analgesic Effects of Oral
Codeine and Morphine in Healthy Volunteers.”Psychopharmacology140 (1998):
191–201.
Zacny, J.P., et al. “Comparing the Subjective, Psychomotor and Physiological Effects of
Intravenous Pentazocine and Morphine in Normal Volunteers.”Journal of Phar-
macology and Experimental Therapeutics286 (1998): 1197–207.