62 Bufotenine
Pregnancy.Not enough scientific information to report.
Additional information.Studies have found that levels of the substance are
often elevated in the urine of schizophrenics, in some types of autistic indi-
viduals, and in depressed persons but rarely in psychologically normal people.
Although cause and effect is by no means established, a study found higher
bufotenine levels in urine of paranoid persons convicted of violent crimes than
in urine from nonparanoid violent offenders.
Additional scientific information may be found in:“Deaths Associated with a Purported Aphrodisiac—New York City, February 1993–
May 1995.”Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report44 (1995): 853–55, 861.
Fabing, H.D., and J.R. Hawkins. “Intravenous Bufotenine Injection in the Human Be-
ing.”Science123 (1956): 886–87.
Horgan, J. “Bufo Abuse: A Toxic Toad Gets Licked, Boiled, Teed up and Tanned.”
Scientific American263 (August 1990): 26–27.
Lyttle, T. “Misuse and Legend in the ‘Toad Licking’ Phenomenon.”The International
Journal of the Addictions28 (1993): 521–38.
Lyttle, T., D. Goldstein, and J. Gartz. “Bufo Toads and Bufotenine: Fact and Fiction
Surrounding an Alleged Psychedelic.”Journal of Psychoactive Drugs28 (1996):
267–90.
McBride, M.C. “Bufotenine: Toward an Understanding of Possible Psychoactive Mech-
anisms.”Journal of Psychoactive Drugs32 (2000): 321–31.
McDonald, A. “Mushrooms and Madness. Hallucinogenic Mushrooms and Some
Psychopharmacological Implications.”Canadian Journal of Psychiatry25 (1980):
586–94.
Sandroni, P. “Aphrodisiacs Past and Present: A Historical Review.”Clinical Autonomic
Research11 (2001): 303–7.
Siegel, D.M., and S.H. McDaniel. “The Frog Prince: Tale and Toxicology.”American
Journal of Orthopsychiatry61 (1991): 558–62.