Selective Attention • 85- Sensory memory holds all of the incoming information for a fraction of a second
and then transfers all of it to the next stage. We will discuss sensory memory in
more detail in Chapter 5. - The filter identifies the attended message based on its physical characteristics—
things like the speaker’s tone of voice, pitch, speed of talking, and accent—and lets
only this message pass through to the detector in the next stage. All other messages
are filtered out. - The detector processes information to determine higher-level characteristics of the
message, such as its meaning. Because only the important, attended information
has been let through the filter, the detector processes all of the information that
enters it. - Short-term memory receives the output of the detector. Short-term memory holds
information for 10–15 seconds and also transfers information into long-term mem-
ory, which can hold information indefinitely. We will describe short- and long-term
memory in Chapters 5–8.
Broadbent’s model has been called a bottleneck model because the fi lter
restricts information fl ow, much as the neck of a bottle restricts the fl ow of
liquid. When one pours liquid from a bottle, the narrow neck restricts the
fl ow, so the liquid escapes only slowly even though there is a large amount
in the bottle. Applying this analogy to information, Broadbent proposed that
the fi lter restricts the large amount of information available to a person so
that only some of this information gets through to the detector. But unlike the
neck of a bottle, which lets through the liquid closest to the neck, Broadbent’s
fi lter lets information through based on specifi c physical characteristics of the
information, such as the rate of speaking or the pitch of the speaker’s voice.
Broadbent’s model provided testable predictions about selective atten-
tion, some of which turned out not to be correct. For example, according
to Broadbent’s model, information in the unattended message should not be
accessible to consciousness. However, Neville Moray (1959) did an experi-
ment in which his participants shadowed the message presented to one ear
and ignored the message presented to the other ear. But when Moray pre-
sented the listener’s name to the other, unattended ear, about a third of the
participants detected it (also see Wood & Cowan, 1995). This phenomenon,
in which a person is selectively listening to one message among many yet hears
his or her name or some other distinctive message such as “Fire!” that is not
being attended, is called the cocktail party effect.
Moray’s participants had recognized their names even though, according
to Broadbent’s theory, the fi lter is supposed to let through only one message,
based on its physical characteristics. Clearly, the person’s name had not been
fi ltered out and, most important, it had been analyzed enough to determine
its meaning. You may have had an experience similar to Moray’s laboratory
demonstration if, as you were talking to someone in a noisy room, you sud-
denly heard someone else saying your name.
Following Moray’s lead, other experimenters showed that informa-
tion presented to the unattended ear is processed enough to provide the lis-
tener with some awareness of its meaning. For example, J. A. Gray and A. I.
Wedderburn (1960), while undergraduates at the University of Oxford, did
the following experiment, sometimes called the “Dear Aunt Jane” experiment.
As in Cherry’s dichotic listening experiment, the participants were told to
shadow the message presented to one ear. As you can see in ● Figure 4.4, the
attended (shadowed) ear received the message “Dear 7 Jane,” and the unat-
tended ear received the message “9 Aunt 6.” However, rather than reporting
the “Dear 7 Jane” message that was presented to the attended ear, participants
reported hearing “Dear Aunt Jane.”
Switching to the unattended channel to say “Aunt” means that the partici-
pant’s attention had jumped from one ear to the other and then back again.DearLeft ear9Aunt 76 JaneInstructions:
Shadow this side● FIGURE 4.4 In Gray and Weddeburn’s
(1960) “Dear Aunt Jane” experiment,
participants were told to shadow the
message presented to the left ear. But they
reported hearing the message “Dear Aunt
Jane,” which starts in the left ear, jumps to
the right ear, and then goes back to the left.
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