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Cognitive Psychology: Connecting Mind, Research and Everyday Experience, 3rd Edition

(Tina Meador) #1

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  • CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

  • CHAPTER 2 Cognitive Neuroscience

  • CHAPTER 3 Perception

  • CHAPTER 4 Attention

  • CHAPTER 5 Short-Term and Working Memory

  • CHAPTER 6 Long-Term Memory: Structure

  • CHAPTER 7 Long-Term Memory: Encoding and Retrieval

  • CHAPTER 8 Everyday Memory and Memory Errors

  • CHAPTER 9 Knowledge

  • CHAPTER 10 Visual Imagery

  • CHAPTER 11 Language

  • CHAPTER 12 Problem Solving

  • CHAPTER 13 Reasoning and Decision Making

  • GLOSSARY

  • REFERENCES

  • NAME INDEX

  • SUBJECT INDEX

  • CHAPTER ix

  • Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

  • COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY: STUDYING THE MIND

  • What Is the Mind?

  • Studying the Mind: Early Work in Cognitive Psychology

  • ABANDONING THE STUDY OF THE MIND

  • Watson Founds Behaviorism

  • Skinner’s Operant Conditioning

  • Setting the Stage for the Reemergence of the Mind in Psychology

  • THE REBIRTH OF THE STUDY OF THE MIND

  • Introduction of the Digital Computer

  • Conferences on Artificial Intelligence and Information Theory

  • RESEARCHING THE MIND

  • Memory Consolidation From a Behavioral Perspective

  • Memory Consolidation From a Physiological Perspective

  • Models of the Mind

  • SOMETHING TO CONSIDER: LEARNING FROM THIS BOOK

  • TEST YOURSELF 1.1

  • CHAPTER SUMMARY

  • THINK ABOUT IT

  • IF YOU WANT TO KNOW MORE

  • KEY TERMS

  • MEDIA RESOURCES

  • CHAPTER

  • Cognitive Neuroscience

  • NEURONS: THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

  • The Microstructure of the Brain: Neurons

  • The Signals That Travel in Neurons

  • METHOD: Recording From a Neuron

  • LOCALIZATION OF FUNCTION

  • Localization for Perception

  • METHOD: Brain Imaging

  • Localization for Language

  • METHOD: Event-Related Potential

  • TEST YOURSELF 2.1 x • Contents

  • DISTRIBUTED PROCESSING IN THE BRAIN

  • REPRESENTATION IN THE BRAIN

  • Representing a Tree: Feature Detectors

  • The Neural Code for Faces

  • The Neural Code for Memory

  • SOMETHING TO CONSIDER: “MIND READING” BY MEASURING BRAIN ACTIVITY

  • TEST YOURSELF 2.2

  • CHAPTER SUMMARY

  • THINK ABOUT IT

  • IF YOU WANT TO KNOW MORE

  • KEY TERMS

  • MEDIA RESOURCES

  • CHAPTER

  • Perception

  • THE NATURE OF PERCEPTION

  • PERCEPTION STARTS AT THE RECEPTORS: BOTTOM-UP PROCESSING

  • Bottom-Up Processing: Physiological

  • Bottom-Up Processing: Behavioral

  • BEYOND BOTTOM-UP PROCESSING

  • Perception Depends on Additional Information

  • Perceiving Size: Taking Distance Into Account

  • DEMONSTRATION: Two Quarters

  • Perceiving Odor Intensity: Taking Sniffing Into Account

  • TEST YOURSELF 3.1

  • USING KNOWLEDGE: TOP-DOWN PROCESSING

  • Helmholtz’s Theory of Unconscious Inference

  • The Gestalt Laws of Organization

  • DEMONSTRATION: Finding Faces in a Landscape

  • The Gestalt “Laws” Are “Heuristics”

  • Taking Regularities in the Environment Into Account

  • DEMONSTRATION: Shape From Shading

  • DEMONSTRATION: Visualizing Scenes and Objects

  • TEST YOURSELF 3.2

  • NEURONS AND KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE ENVIRONMENT

  • Designing a Perceiving Machine

  • The Human “Perceiving Machine”

  • Experience-Dependent Plasticity

  • AND TAKING ACTION REACHING FOR A CUP: THE INTERACTION BETWEEN PERCEIVING

  • Movement Facilitates Perception

  • The Interaction of Perception and Action

  • The Physiology of Perception and Action

  • METHOD: Brain Ablation

  • METHOD: Dissociations in Neuropsychology Contents • xi

  • Picking Up a Coffee Cup and Other Behaviors

  • SOMETHING TO CONSIDER: MIRROR NEURONS

  • TEST YOURSELF 3.3

  • CHAPTER SUMMARY

  • THINK ABOUT IT

  • IF YOU WANT TO KNOW MORE

  • KEY TERMS

  • MEDIA RESOURCES

  • CHAPTER

  • Attention

  • SELECTIVE ATTENTION

  • Selective Attention as Filtering

  • DEMONSTRATION: Focusing on One Message

  • METHOD: Dichotic Listening

  • Cognitive Resources, Cognitive Load, and Task-Irrelevant Stimuli

  • METHOD: Flanker Compatibility Task

  • DEMONSTRATION: The Stroop Effect

  • TEST YOURSELF 4.1

  • DIVIDED ATTENTION

  • Divided Attention Can Be Achieved With Practice: Automatic Processing

  • Divided Attention When Tasks Are Harder: Controlled Processing

  • DEMONSTRATION: Detecting a Target

  • Distractions While Driving

  • ATTENTION AND VISUAL PERCEPTION

  • Inattentional Blindness

  • Change Detection

  • DEMONSTRATION: Change Detection

  • TEST YOURSELF 4.2

  • OVERT ATTENTION: ATTENDING BY MOVING OUR EYES

  • Eye Movements, Attention, and Perception

  • DEMONSTRATION: Looking for a Face in the Crowd

  • Bottom-Up Determinants of Eye Movements

  • Top-Down Determinants of Eye Movements

  • EYE MOVEMENTS COVERT ATTENTION: DIRECTING ATTENTION WITHOUT

  • Location-Based Attention

  • METHOD: Precueing

  • Object-Based Attention

  • FEATURE INTEGRATION THEORY

  • THE PHYSIOLOGY OF ATTENTION

  • Covert Attention Enhances Neural Responding

  • Attentional Processing Is Distributed Across the Cortex

  • THE CASE OF AUTISM SOMETHING TO CONSIDER: ATTENTION IN SOCIAL SITUATIONS—

  • TEST YOURSELF 4.3

  • CHAPTER SUMMARY

  • THINK ABOUT IT

  • IF YOU WANT TO KNOW MORE

  • KEY TERMS

  • MEDIA RESOURCES

  • CHAPTER

  • Short-Term and Working Memory

  • THE IMPORTANCE OF MEMORY IN OUR LIVES

  • STUDYING MEMORY

  • SENSORY MEMORY

  • The Sparkler’s Trail and the Projector’s Shutter

  • of the Sensory Store Sperling’s Experiment: Measuring the Capacity and Duration

  • SHORT-TERM MEMORY

  • METHOD: Recall

  • What Is the Duration of Short-Term Memory?

  • DEMONSTRATION: Remembering Three Letters

  • What Is the Capacity of Short-Term Memory?

  • DEMONSTRATION: Digit Span

  • DEMONSTRATION: Remembering Letters

  • How Is Information Coded in Short-Term Memory?

  • DEMONSTRATION: Recalling Visual Patterns

  • TEST YOURSELF 5.1

  • WORKING MEMORY

  • DEMONSTRATION: Reading Text and Remembering Numbers

  • The Phonological Loop

  • DEMONSTRATION: Word Length Effect

  • DEMONSTRATION: Articulatory Suppression

  • The Visuospatial Sketch Pad

  • DEMONSTRATION: Comparing Objects

  • DEMONSTRATION: Holding a Spatial Stimulus in the Mind

  • The Central Executive

  • The Episodic Buffer

  • TEST YOURSELF 5.2

  • WORKING MEMORY AND THE BRAIN

  • The Effect of Damage to the Prefrontal Cortex

  • Prefrontal Neurons That Hold Information

  • Brain Activation in Humans

  • A MORE EFFICIENT WORKING MEMORY SOMETHING TO CONSIDER: THE ADVANTAGES OF HAVING

  • METHOD: Reading Span

  • TEST YOURSELF 5.3 Contents • xiii

  • CHAPTER SUMMARY

  • THINK ABOUT IT

  • IF YOU WANT TO KNOW MORE

  • KEY TERMS

  • MEDIA RESOURCES

  • CHAPTER

  • Long-Term Memory: Structure

  • DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN LONG-TERM MEMORY AND SHORT-TERM MEMORY

  • Long-Term and Short-Term Processes

  • DEMONSTRATION: Serial Position

  • Serial Position Curve

  • Coding in Long-Term Memory

  • METHOD: Recognition Memory

  • DEMONSTRATION: Reading a Passage

  • Locating Short- and Long-Term Memory in the Brain

  • Types of Long-Term Memory

  • TEST YOURSELF 6.1

  • EPISODIC AND SEMANTIC MEMORY (EXPLICIT)

  • Distinguishing Between Episodic and Semantic Memory

  • The Separation of Episodic and Semantic Memories

  • Connections Between Episodic and Semantic Memories

  • PRIMING, PROCEDURAL MEMORY, AND CONDITIONING (IMPLICIT)

  • Priming

  • METHOD: Avoiding Explicit Remembering in a Priming Experiment

  • Procedural Memory

  • DEMONSTRATION: Mirror Drawing

  • Classical Conditioning

  • SOMETHING TO CONSIDER: MEMORY LOSS IN THE MOVIES

  • TEST YOURSELF 6.2

  • CHAPTER SUMMARY

  • THINK ABOUT IT

  • IF YOU WANT TO KNOW MORE

  • KEY TERMS

  • MEDIA RESOURCES

  • CHAPTER

  • Long-Term Memory: Encoding and Retrieval

  • ENCODING: GETTING INFORMATION INTO LONG-TERM MEMORY

  • Maintenance Rehearsal and Elaborative Rehearsal

  • Levels-of-Processing Theory xiv • Contents

  • DEMONSTRATION: Remembering Lists

  • METHOD: Varying Depth of Processing

  • Research Showing That Encoding Influences Retrieval

  • DEMONSTRATION: Reading a List

  • TEST YOURSELF 7.1

  • RETRIEVAL: GETTING INFORMATION OUT OF MEMORY

  • Retrieval Cues

  • METHOD: Cued Recall

  • Matching Conditions of Encoding and Retrieval

  • TEST YOURSELF 7.2

  • HOW TO STUDY MORE EFFECTIVELY

  • Elaborate

  • Generate and Test

  • Organize

  • Take Breaks

  • Match Learning and Testing Conditions

  • Avoid “Illusions of Learning”

  • MEMORY AND THE BRAIN

  • Experiences Cause Changes at the Synapse

  • Where Does Memory Occur in the Brain?

  • Forming Memories in the Brain: The Process of Consolidation

  • SOMETHING TO CONSIDER: ARE MEMORIES EVER “PERMANENT”?

  • TEST YOURSELF 7.3

  • CHAPTER SUMMARY

  • THINK ABOUT IT

  • IF YOU WANT TO KNOW MORE

  • KEY TERMS

  • MEDIA RESOURCES

  • CHAPTER

  • Everyday Memory and Memory Errors

  • AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL MEMORY: WHAT HAS HAPPENED IN MY LIFE

  • The Multidimensional Nature of AM

  • Memory Over the Life Span

  • MEMORY FOR “EXCEPTIONAL” EVENTS

  • Memory and Emotion

  • Flashbulb Memories

  • METHOD: Repeated Recall

  • TEST YOURSELF 8.1

  • THE CONSTRUCTIVE NATURE OF MEMORY

  • Bartlett’s “War of the Ghosts” Experiment

  • Source Monitoring and Source Monitoring Errors

  • METHOD: Testing for Source Monitoring

  • How Real-World Knowledge Affects Memory Contents • xv

  • DEMONSTRATION: Reading Sentences

  • DEMONSTRATION: Memory for a List

  • Taking Stock: The Pluses and Minuses of Construction

  • TEST YOURSELF 8.2

  • MEMORY CAN BE MODIFIED OR CREATED BY SUGGESTION

  • The Misinformation Effect

  • METHOD: Presenting Misleading Postevent Information

  • Creating False Memories for Early Events in People’s Lives

  • WHY DO PEOPLE MAKE ERRORS IN EYEWITNESS TESTIMONY?

  • Errors of Eyewitness Identification

  • The Crime Scene and Afterward

  • What Is Being Done?

  • SOMETHING TO CONSIDER: MEMORIES OF CHILDHOOD ABUSE

  • TEST YOURSELF 8.3

  • CHAPTER SUMMARY

  • THINK ABOUT IT

  • IF YOU WANT TO KNOW MORE

  • KEY TERMS

  • MEDIA RESOURCES

  • DEMONSTRATION: Reading Sentences (continued)

  • CHAPTER

  • Knowledge

  • HOW ARE OBJECTS PLACED INTO CATEGORIES?

  • Why Definitions Don’t Work for Categories

  • The Prototype Approach: Finding the Average Case

  • DEMONSTRATION: Family Resemblance

  • METHOD: Sentence Verification Technique

  • The Exemplar Approach: Thinking About Examples

  • Which Approach Works Better: Prototypes or Exemplars?

  • OF CATEGORIES? IS THERE A PSYCHOLOGICALLY “PRIVILEGED” LEVEL

  • Rosch’s Approach: What’s Special About Basic Level Categories?

  • DEMONSTRATION: Listing Common Features

  • DEMONSTRATION: Naming Things

  • How Knowledge Can Affect Categorization

  • TEST YOURSELF 9.1

  • SEMANTIC NETWORKS REPRESENTING RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CATEGORIES:

  • Introduction to Semantic Networks: Collins and Quillian’s Hierarchical Model

  • METHOD: Lexical Decision Task

  • Criticism of the Collins and Quillian Model

  • The Collins and Loftus Model: Personal Experience Affects Networks

  • Assessment of Semantic Network Theories

  • THE CONNECTIONIST APPROACH REPRESENTING CONCEPTS IN NETWORKS:

  • What Is a Connectionist Model?

  • How Are Concepts Represented in a Connectionist Network?

  • DEMONSTRATION: Activation of Property Units in a Connectionist Network

  • CATEGORIES AND THE BRAIN

  • Specific or Distributed Activity?

  • Category Information in Single Neurons

  • Neuropsychology of Categories

  • Brain Scanning and Categories

  • SOMETHING TO CONSIDER: CATEGORIZATION IN INFANTS

  • METHOD: Familiarization/Novelty Preference Procedure

  • TEST YOURSELF 9.2

  • CHAPTER SUMMARY

  • THINK ABOUT IT

  • IF YOU WANT TO KNOW MORE

  • KEY TERMS

  • MEDIA RESOURCES

  • CHAPTER

  • Visual Imagery

  • DEMONSTRATION: Experiencing Imagery

  • IMAGERY IN THE HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY

  • Early Ideas About Imagery

  • Imagery and the Cognitive Revolution

  • METHOD: Paired-Associate Learning

  • THE SAME MECHANISMS? IMAGERY AND PERCEPTION: DO THEY SHARE

  • Kosslyn’s Mental Scanning Experiments

  • DEMONSTRATION: Mental Scanning

  • The Imagery Debate: Is Imagery Spatial or Propositional?

  • Comparing Imagery and Perception

  • Is There a Way to Resolve the Imagery Debate?

  • TEST YOURSELF 10.1

  • IMAGERY AND THE BRAIN

  • Imagery Neurons in the Brain

  • Brain Imaging

  • Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

  • METHOD: Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

  • Neuropsychological Case Studies

  • Conclusions From the Imagery Debate

  • USING IMAGERY TO IMPROVE MEMORY

  • Placing Images at Locations

  • DEMONSTRATION: Method of Loci

  • Associating Images With Words

  • OF MECHANICAL SYSTEMS SOMETHING TO CONSIDER: MENTAL REPRESENTATION

  • DEMONSTRATION: Mechanical Problems

  • TEST YOURSELF 10.2

  • CHAPTER SUMMARY

  • THINK ABOUT IT

  • IF YOU WANT TO KNOW MORE

  • KEY TERMS

  • MEDIA RESOURCES

  • CHAPTER

  • Language

  • WHAT IS LANGUAGE?

  • The Creativity of Human Language

  • The Universality of Language

  • Studying Language

  • PERCEIVING WORDS, PHONEMES, AND LETTERS

  • Components of Words

  • Perceiving Spoken Phonemes and Words, and Written Letters

  • METHOD: Word Superiority Effect

  • UNDERSTANDING WORDS

  • The Word Frequency Effect

  • DEMONSTRATION: Lexical Decision Task

  • Lexical Ambiguity

  • METHOD: Lexical Priming

  • TEST YOURSELF 11.1

  • UNDERSTANDING SENTENCES

  • Parsing and a Trip Down the Garden Path

  • The Syntax-First Approach to Parsing

  • DEMONSTRATION: Late Closure

  • The Interactionist Approach to Parsing

  • UNDERSTANDING TEXT AND STORIES

  • Making Inferences

  • DEMONSTRATION: Making Up a Story

  • Situation Models

  • PRODUCING LANGUAGE: CONVERSATIONS

  • Semantic Coordination

  • Syntactic Coordination

  • METHOD: Syntactic Priming

  • AND COGNITION SOMETHING TO CONSIDER: CULTURE, LANGUAGE,

  • TEST YOURSELF 11.2

  • CHAPTER SUMMARY

  • THINK ABOUT IT

  • IF YOU WANT TO KNOW MORE xviii • Contents

  • KEY TERMS

  • MEDIA RESOURCES

  • DEMONSTRATION: Answers to Late Closure Demonstration

  • CHAPTER

  • Problem Solving

  • WHAT IS A PROBLEM?

  • AND RESTRUCTURING THE GESTALT APPROACH: PROBLEM SOLVING AS REPRESENTATION

  • Representing a Problem in the Mind

  • Restructuring and Insight

  • DEMONSTRATION: Two Insight Problems

  • Obstacles to Problem Solving

  • DEMONSTRATION: The Candle Problem

  • THE INFORMATION-PROCESSING APPROACH MODERN RESEARCH ON PROBLEM SOLVING:

  • Newell and Simon’s Approach

  • DEMONSTRATION: Tower of Hanoi Problem

  • The Importance of How a Problem Is Stated

  • DEMONSTRATION: The Mutilated Checkerboard Problem

  • METHOD: Think-Aloud Protocol

  • TEST YOURSELF 12.1

  • USING ANALOGIES TO SOLVE PROBLEMS

  • Analogical Transfer

  • Analogical Problem Solving and the Duncker Radiation Problem

  • DEMONSTRATION: Duncker’s Radiation Problem

  • Analogical Encoding

  • Analogy in the Real World

  • METHOD: In Vivo Problem-Solving Research

  • HOW EXPERTS SOLVE PROBLEMS

  • Differences Between How Experts and Novices Solve Problems

  • Expertise Is Only an Advantage in the Expert’s Specialty

  • CREATIVE PROBLEM SOLVING

  • DEMONSTRATION: Creating an Object

  • RESULT IN BETTER PROBLEM SOLVING? IT DEPENDS! SOMETHING TO CONSIDER: DOES LARGE WORKING MEMORY CAPACITY

  • TEST YOURSELF 12.2

  • CHAPTER SUMMARY

  • THINK ABOUT IT

  • IF YOU WANT TO KNOW MORE

  • KEY TERMS

  • MEDIA RESOURCES

  • CHAPTER Contents • xix

  • Reasoning and Decision Making

  • DEDUCTIVE REASONING: SYLLOGISMS AND LOGIC

  • Validity and Truth in Syllogisms

  • Conditional Syllogisms

  • Conditional Reasoning: The Wason Four-Card Problem

  • DEMONSTRATION: Wason Four-Card Problem

  • What Has the Wason Problem Taught Us?

  • TEST YOURSELF 13.1

  • INDUCTIVE REASONING: REACHING CONCLUSIONS FROM EVIDENCE

  • The Nature of Inductive Reasoning

  • The Availability Heuristic

  • DEMONSTRATION: Which Is More Prevalent?

  • The Representativeness Heuristic

  • DEMONSTRATION: Judging Occupations

  • DEMONSTRATION: Description of a Person

  • DEMONSTRATION: Male and Female Births

  • The Confirmation Bias

  • TEST YOURSELF 13.2

  • DECISION MAKING: CHOOSING AMONG ALTERNATIVES

  • The Utility Approach to Decisions

  • How Emotions Affect Decisions

  • People Inaccurately Predict Their Emotions

  • Incidental Emotions Affect Decisions

  • Decisions Can Depend on How Choices Are Presented

  • DEMONSTRATION: What Would You Do?

  • Justification in Decision Making

  • THE PHYSIOLOGY OF THINKING

  • Effect of Damage to the Prefrontal Cortex

  • Neuroeconomics: The Neural Basis of Decision Making

  • ALSO GOOD FOR ME? SOMETHING TO CONSIDER: IS WHAT IS GOOD FOR YOU

  • DEMONSTRATION: A Personal Health Decision

  • TEST YOURSELF 13.3

  • CHAPTER SUMMARY

  • THINK ABOUT IT

  • IF YOU WANT TO KNOW MORE

  • KEY TERMS

  • MEDIA RESOURCES

  • Glossary

  • References

  • Name Index

  • Subject Index

  • Receptive Fields CHAPTER 2 COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE

  • Brain Asymmetry

  • Apparent Motion CHAPTER 3 PERCEPTION

  • Blind Spot

  • Metacontrast Masking

  • Muller-Lyer Illusion

  • Signal Detection

  • Visual Search

  • Garner Interference

  • Stroop Effect CHAPTER 4 ATTENTION

  • Change Detection

  • Spatial Cueing

  • Attentional Blink

  • Simon Effect

  • Von Restorff Effect

  • Partial Report CHAPTER 5 SHORT-TERM AND WORKING MEMORY

  • Brown-Peterson

  • Memory Span

  • Phonological Similarity Effect

  • Operation Span

  • Apparent Movement

  • Irrelevant Speech Effect

  • Modality Effect

  • Position Error

  • Sternberg Search

  • Serial Position CHAPTER 6 LONG-TERM MEMORY: STRUCTURE

  • Implicit Learning

  • Suffix Effect

  • Levels of Processing CHAPTER 7 LONG-TERM MEMORY: ENCODING AND RETRIEVAL

  • Encoding Specificity

  • Von Restorff Effect

  • Remember/Know CHAPTER 8 EVERYDAY MEMORY AND MEMORY ERRORS

  • False Memory

  • Forgot It All Along Effect

  • Prototypes CHAPTER 9 KNOWLEDGE

  • Lexical Decision

  • Absolute Identification

  • Mental Rotation CHAPTER 10 VISUAL IMAGERY

  • Link Word

  • Word Superiority CHAPTER 11 LANGUAGE

  • Lexical Decision

  • Categorical Perception—Identification

  • Categorical Perception—Discrimination

  • Wason Selection Task CHAPTER 13 REASONING AND DECISION MAKING

  • Typical Reasoning

  • Risky Decisions

  • Decision Making

  • Monty Hall

  • CHAPTER 3 Two Quarters DEMONSTRATIONS

  • Finding Faces in a Landscape

  • Shape From Shading

  • Visualizing Scenes and Objects

  • CHAPTER 4 Focusing on One Message

  • The Stroop Effect

  • Detecting a Target

  • Change Detection

  • Looking for a Face in the Crowd

  • CHAPTER 5 Remembering Three Letters

  • Digit Span

  • Remembering Letters

  • Recalling Visual Patterns

  • Reading Text and Remembering Numbers

  • Word Length Effect

  • Articulatory Suppression

  • Comparing Objects

  • Holding a Spatial Stimulus in the Mind

  • CHAPTER 6 Serial Position

  • Reading a Passage

  • Mirror Drawing

  • CHAPTER 7 Remembering Lists

  • Reading a List

  • CHAPTER 8 Reading Sentences

  • Memory for a List

  • CHAPTER 9 Family Resemblance

  • Listing Common Features

  • Naming Things

  • a Connectionist Network Activation of Property Units in

  • CHAPTER 10 Experiencing Imagery

  • Mental Scanning

  • Method of Loci

  • Mechanical Problems

  • CHAPTER 11 Lexical Decision Task

  • Late Closure

  • Making Up a Story

  • CHAPTER 12 Two Insight Problems

  • The Candle Problem

  • Tower of Hanoi Problem

  • The Mutilated Checkerboard Problem

  • Duncker’s Radiation Problem

  • Creating an Object

  • CHAPTER 13 Wason Four-Card Problem

  • Which Is More Prevalent?

  • Judging Occupations

  • Description of a Person

  • Male and Female Births

  • What Would You Do?

  • A Personal Health Decision

  • CHAPTER 2 Recording From a Neuron METHODS

  • Brain Imaging

  • Event-Related Potential

  • CHAPTER 3 Brain Ablation

  • Dissociations in Neuropsychology

  • CHAPTER 4 Dichotic Listening

  • Flanker Compatability Task

  • Precueing

  • CHAPTER 5 Recall

  • Reading Span

  • CHAPTER 6 Recognition Memory

  • a Priming Experiment Avoiding Explicit Memory in

  • CHAPTER 7 Varying Depth of Processing

  • Cued Recall

  • CHAPTER 8 Repeated Recall

  • Testing for Source Monitoring

  • Presenting Misleading Postevent Information

  • CHAPTER 9 Sentence Verification Technique

  • Lexical Decision Task

  • Familiarization/Novelty Preference Procedure

  • CHAPTER 10 Paired-Associate Learning

  • Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

  • CHAPTER 11 Word Superiority Effect

  • Lexical Priming

  • Syntactic Priming

  • CHAPTER 12 Think-Aloud Protocol

  • In Vivo Problem-Solving Research

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