Cognitive Psychology: Connecting Mind, Research and Everyday Experience, 3rd Edition

Subject Index • 441

Operators, 332

Opt-in procedure, 379

Opt-out procedure, 379

Organization

hierarchical, 247

long-term memory and, 178–180, 188

mental imagery and, 286

perceptual, 58

problem solving and, 347

study and, 188

Organizational tree, 178–179

Orienting process, 108

Output units, 255

Overt attention, 82, 98–102

P

Paired-associate learning, 177, 272

Parahippocampal place area (PPA), 32,

33, 260

Parallel distributed processing (PDP)

models, 255

Parietal lobe, 30

Parsing, 304–308

interactionist approach to, 306–308

syntax-first approach to, 305–306

Partial report method, 122, 145

Pegword technique, 287

Perception, 46–79

action and, 70–76

bottom-up processing in, 50–52

categorical, 324

CogLab experiments on, 79

of colors, 317–319, 320

computers and, 67

feature integration theory and, 104–106

feedback signals in, 53

Gestalt approach to, 58–63

imagery and, 272–285

knowledge and, 57–66

language and, 317–319

of letters, 300

localization of function for, 30–33

mirror neurons and, 75–76

movement as facilitator of, 70

nature of, 49

neural activity and, 66–69

of odor intensity, 56

organization of elements in, 58–61

physiology of, 30–33, 50, 71–74

recognition-by-components theory of,

51–52

regularities in the environment and,

63–66

resources related to, 78

review questions on, 56, 66, 76, 77

of size and distance, 53–55, 276,

282–283

speech segmentation and, 57, 299–300

summary points about, 77

top-down processing in, 52, 57–66

of words, 57, 297–300

Perception pathway, 74

Perceptual organization, 58

Gestalt laws of, 58–63

hearing and, 78

Perirhinal cortex, 192, 193

Permission schema, 365–366

Perseveration, 136, 383

Persistence of vision, 120

Phoneme, 297

Phonemic restoration effect, 298, 300

Phonological loop, 132, 133–134

Phonological similarity effect, 133, 145

Phonological store, 132

Photographs

autobiographical vs. laboratory, 205–206

flashbulb memories vs., 209–212

Physical regularities, 63–64

Physiological approach to coding, 128

Physiological approach to cognition, 15,

16–17

Physiology

of attention, 106–108

of the brain, 25–41

of categorization, 260–263

of cognition, 24, 25

of decision making, 384–385, 389

of imagery, 279–285

of language, 33–36, 296, 313–314

of memory, 137–141, 144, 155–156,

190–195

of perception, 30–33, 50, 71–74

of problem solving, 383

of reasoning, 383

of thinking, 382–385

of working memory, 137–141, 144

See also Brain

Planning ability, 383

Position error, 145

Positive priming, 161

Positron emission tomography (PET),

30–31

See also Brain imaging

Post-identification feedback effect, 230

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD),

197–198

Practice and stress, 353

Pragmatic inference, 218

Pragmatic reasoning schemas, 365

Pragnanz, law of, 60

Preattentive stage, 104

Precueing, 102

Predictive power, 254

Preference test, 263

Prefrontal cortex (PFC)

categorization and, 261, 262

decision making and, 384

effects of damage to, 382–383

reasoning tasks and, 383

thinking processes and, 382–383, 389

working memory and, 138–140

Preinventive forms, 350–351

Premises, 361

Premotor cortex, 75

Primacy effect, 151–153

Primary receiving areas, 30

Priming, 156, 161–164

conceptual, 161

lexical, 302

prototypicality and, 244–246

repetition, 161, 162–163

syntactic, 316

Principle of componential recovery, 51–52

Principle of late closure, 305

Principles of Psychology (James), 9, 83

Proactive interference (PI), 124–125,

129, 130

release from, 129, 130

Probanolol, 197–198

Problems

definition of, 326

types of, 326

Problem solving, 324–357

analogical, 340–346

creative, 348–351, 355

expertise in, 346–348

fixations and, 329–330, 349, 351

Gestalt approach to, 327–331

imagery used in, 287–289, 290

insight and, 327–329, 355

knowledge and, 346–347, 348

mental sets and, 330–331

modern research on, 331–339

Newell and Simon’s approach to,

332–335

obstacles to, 329–331

perception and, 78

physiology of, 383

problem statement and, 335–339

reasoning and, 360

resources related to, 355

restructuring and, 327, 329, 330

review questions on, 339, 353, 354

sleep and, 355

solutions to sample problems, 356–357

stress and, 352–353

summary points about, 354

CHAPTER 12 Think-Aloud Protocol

working memory capacity and, 351–353

Problem space, 333

Procedural memory, 157, 164–165

Propaganda effect, 163

Propositional mechanisms, 274

Propositional representations, 274–275, 288

Prosopagnosia, 30, 260

Prototype, 243

Prototype approach to categorization,

243–246, 247

Prototypicality, 243–246

CHAPTER 9 Family Resemblance

high vs. low, 243

naming order and, 244

priming and, 244–246

summary of effects of, 246

typicality effect and, 244

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