Subject Index • 443Similarity, law of, 60, 61
Simon effect, 113
Simple reaction time, 7
Simplicity, law of, 60
Simulations
mental representations as, 311–313
physiology of, 313–314
Single dissociations, 73
Situation models, 311–314
Size constancy, 54
Size perception, 53–55, 276, 282–283
Skill memory, 157, 164–165
Sleep
insight and, 355
memory and, 16, 188–189
Slumdog Millionaire (film), 146
Social exchange theory, 366–367
Social situations, attention in, 109–110
Source misattributions, 215
Source monitoring, 214–217
familiarity and, 215–216, 228
gender stereotypes and, 216–217
misinformation effect and, 224, 225
social influences on, 236
testing for, 216
Source monitoring errors, 215, 224
Source problem, 340
Source story, 340
Spacing effect, 188
Spatial cueing, 113
Spatial representations, 274–275, 288, 322
Specificity coding, 39
in categorization, 260–261
in face perception, 39–40
See also Grandmother cell
Specific level of categories, 248
Speech
errors in producing, 322
perception of words in, 57, 298–300
studying the production of, 296
Speech segmentation, 57, 299–300
Sperling’s experiment, 121–123
Spreading activation, 251–252
Standard model of consolidation, 194
State-dependent learning, 185, 189
Stereotypes, 371
Sternberg search, 145
Stimulus salience, 100
Story comprehension, 309–314
inferences and, 309–311
prefrontal cortex and, 383
situation models and, 311–314
Stress
posttraumatic stress disorder and,
197–198
practice for reducing effects of, 353
problem solving and, 352–353
Stroop effect, 89, 113
Structural features
of modal model, 118
of problems, 343–344
Structuralism, 8Studying
encoding specificity and, 184–185
state-dependent learning and, 185
techniques for improving, 172, 187–189
Subgoals, 333–335
Subordinate level of categories, 248
Subtraction technique, 31–32
Suffix effect, 168–169
Suggestion, 222–226
eyewitness testimony and, 228–230
false memories and, 225–226, 233
misinformation effect and, 222–225
Superior memory capabilities, 200
Superordinate level of categories, 248
Surface features, 343, 347
Syllogisms, 360, 361–363
categorical, 361–362
conditional, 362–368
validity of, 361–362, 388
Synapse, 27, 190–191
Synaptic consolidation, 194
Syntactic priming, 315–316
Syntactic Structures (Chomsky), 296
Syntax, 304
conversational speech and, 315–316
sentence parsing and, 305–306
Syntax-first approach to parsing,
305–306
Systems consolidation, 194T
Tacit knowledge explanation, 275–276, 288
Taking breaks, 188–189
Target problem, 340
Target stimuli, 91
Tasks
automatic processing of, 92
controlled processing of, 93
low-load vs. high-load, 87
Temporal lobe, 30
Temporary ambiguity, 304
Testing conditions, 189
Testing effect, 180, 181, 188, 231
Text comprehension, 309–314
inferences and, 309–311
situation models and, 311–314
Text processing, 308
Theory of natural selection, 67
Theory of unconscious inference, 57–58
Think-aloud protocol, 338–339
Thinking
convergent, 349
creative, 350–351
divergent, 348–349
physiology of, 382–385
Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) phenomenon, 200
Top-down processing, 52, 57–66
eye movements determined by, 100–102
illusory conjunctions reduced by, 106
mental imagery and, 284Suffix Effect
theory of unconscious inference and,
57–58
visual cortex influenced by, 78
Total Recall (film), 166
Tower of Hanoi problem, 332–335
Trade-off strategy, 345
Traffic accidents, 94–95
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS),
281–282
Transfer-appropriate processing, 185–186
Trauma-memory oriented therapists, 233
Triangle problem, 328, 356
Truth vs. validity, 361–362
Two-string problem, 330
Typicality effect, 244U
Ultimatum game, 384
Unattended message, 13
Unconscious inference, theory of, 57–58
Unconscious memory, 156
Unilateral neglect, 283
Units, 255
Up In The Air (film), 292
Utility, 375
Utility approach, 375–377, 384V
Validity of syllogisms, 361–362
Valid trials, 102
Varied mapping condition, 93
Venn diagrams, 388
Verbal Behavior (Skinner), 12, 296
Video games, 112
Vision, persistence of, 120
Visual coding, 128–129, 153
Visual cortex, 78, 280, 282–283, 284, 285
Visual icon, 122
Visual imagery, 134, 177, 268, 270–271, 290
See also Imagery
Visual neglect, 112Visual Search
attention and, 95–98Change Detection
eye movements and, 98–102
imagery and, 272–278
inattentional blindness and, 95–96
Visual search, 79
Visual stimuli
coding of, 128–129
iconic memory of, 122
Visual working memory, 144
Visuospatial sketch pad, 132, 134–136
Von Restorff effect, 113, 201
Voxels, 42W
“War of the Ghosts” experiment,
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