Appendix DSome useful constants
Boltzmann’sconstant kkkB = 1. 38 × 10 −^23 JK−^1
Avogadro’s number NNA = 6 .02× 1023 mol−^1
Gas constant R = 8. 31 Jmol−^1 K−^1
Planck’s constant h = 6. 63 × 10 −^34 Js
= h/ 2 π= 1 .0 5 × 10 −^34 Js
Electronic charge e =1. 60 × 10 −^19 C
Speedof light c = 3. 00 × 108 ms−^1
Mass of electron m = 9.1 1 × 10 −^31 kg
Mass ofproton MMMP = 1.67× 10 −^27 kg
Bohr magneton(=e/ 2 m) μB = 9.27× 10 −^24 JT−^1
Nuclear magneton(=e/ 2 MMMP) μN = 5 .0 5 × 10 −^27 JT−^1
Atmospheric pressure = 1.0 1 × 105 Pa(i.e. N m−^2 )
Molar volume of ideal gas at STP = 22.4× 10 −^3 m^3
Permeability of free space μ 0 = 4 π× 10 −^7 Hm−^1
Gravitational constant G = 6. 67 × 10 −^11 Nm^2 kg−^2
Mass ofSun = 2. 0 × 1030 kg