Assessing Leadership Style: Trait Analysis

p-l/I-1

Axis

+0.00

P-l/I-1

Axis

TYPE A QUADRANT

Appease Reward

DED ODD

FOLLOW/COOPERATE

STRATEGIES

Bluff Deter

EED DEE

Bluff Deter

EED DEE

SUBMIT/CONFLICT

STRATEGIES

Bully Punish

EDE EEE

TYPE DEF QUADRANT

TYPE C QUADRANT

Reward Exploit

ODD DDE

COOPERATE/LEAD

STRATEGIES

Punish Compel

EEE EDD

P-4

Axis

Punish Exploit

EEE DDE

CONFLICT/DOMINATE

STRATEGIES

Compel Bully

EDD EDE

TYPE B QUADRANT

Note: Key indices of beliefs in the operational code typology are scaled along the vertical
and horizonatal axes to locate a leader's generalized images of self and other in a quadrant.
Reward, Deter, Punish, and Compel tactics are variants of a general strategy of
reciprocity in which Self initiates either an escalatory (E) move or de-escalatory (D)
move and then responds in kind to whether Other escalates (E) or de-escalates (D) in
response to Self s initial move. Appease, Bluff, Exploit, and Bully tactics are variants of a
general strategy of cooperation or conflict in which Self initiates either an escalatory (E)
move or de-escalatory (D) move and then violates the norm of reciprocity after Other
escalates (E) or de-escalates (D) in response to Self s initial move.

Fig. 9.4. Prediction template for key VICS indices. (Data from

Walker, Schafer, and Marfleet 2001.)