Assessing Leadership Style: Trait Analysis

TABLE 9.2. PRESIDENT JIMMY CARTER'S GENERAL OPERATIONAL CODE,
1977-79 VS. 1980
1977-79 1980 p**

P-l.

P-2.

P-3.

P-4.

P-5.

1-1.

1-2.

1-3.

1-4.

1-5.

Diagnostic Propensities

Nature of the political universe

Realization of political values

Predictability of political future

Control over historical development

a. Self s control

b. Other's control

Role of chance

Choice and Shift Propensities

Strategic approach to goals

Tactical pursuit of goals

Risk orientation

Timing of action

a. Cooperation/conflict

b. Words/deeds

Utility of means

a. Reward

b. Promise

c. Appeal/support

d. Oppose/resist

e. Threaten

f. Punish

+ .68 +.06

(very friendly) (mixed)

+ .51 +.05

(definitely (mixed)

optimistic)

.37 .34

(low) (low)

.65 .75

(high) (high)

.35 .25

(low) (low)

.75 .74

(high) (high)

+ .86 +.73

(extremely (very

friendly) friendly)

+ .59 +.57

(Definitely

cooperative)

.36 .30

(low) (low)

.14 .27

(low) (low)

.57 .79

(medium) (high)

.33 (v. high) .40 (v. high)

.45 (v. high) .45 (v. high)

.14 (medium) .02 (v. low)

.00 (v. low) .01 (v. low)

.01 (v. low) .00 (v. low)

.06 (low) .11 (low)

.00

.01

.38

.18

.18

.41

.03

.37

.26

.03

.02

.25

.45

.01

.08

.17

.07

Source: Data from Walker, Schafer, and Young 1998.

**/? = one-tailed F-test for difference of means.