Assessing Leadership Style: Trait Analysis

TYPE A QUADRANT TYPE C QUADRANT

TYPE DEF QUADRANT TYPE B QUADRANT

Note: Key indices of beliefs in the leader's operational code are scaled in standard
deviations along the vertical and horizontal axes of the revised Holsti typology. Reward,
Deter, Punish and Compel tactics are variants of a general strategy of reciprocity in which
Self initiates either an escalatory (E) move or de-escalatory (D) move and then responds
in kind to whether Other escalates (E) or de-escalates (D) in response to Self's initial move.
Appease, Bluff, Exploit, and Bully tactics are variants of a general strategy of cooperation
or conflict in which Self initiates either an escalatory (E) move or de-escalatory (D) move
and then violates the norm of reciprocity after Other escalates (E) or de-escalates (D) in
response to Self's initial move.

Fig. 14.1. Prediction template for key VICS indices. (Data from

Walker, Schafer, and Marfleet 2001.)

Appease

DED

P-l/I-1

Axis

+2.0

Reward

DDD

+1.5

FOLLOW/COOPERATE

STRATEGIES

Bluff

BED

P-4 -2.0 -1.5
Axis

Bluff

BED

SUBMIT/CONFLICT

STRATEGIES

Bully

EDE

+1.0

Deter

DEE

+.50

-1.0 -.50 0.00

-.50

Deter

DEE

-1.0

Reward Exploit

DDD DDE

COOPERATE/LEAD

STRATEGIES

Punish

EEE

+.50 +1.0 +1.5

Punish

EEE

Compel

EDD

+2.0 P-4

Axis

Exploit

DDE

CONFLICT/DOMINATE

-1.5

Punish

EEE

-2.0

P-l/I-1

Axis

STRATEGIES

Compel

EDD

Bully

EDE