Atlas of Human Anatomy by Netter

Posterior auricular

Occipital

Superficial temporal

Branches of internal carotid artery to scalp

Supratrochlear artery

Supraorbital artery

Venous drainage of scalp via veins of same name accompanying arteries

Deep aspects of scalp drain to deep temporal veins to pterygoid venous plexus

Innervation of scalp

Anterior to auricle: ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular divisions of cranial nerve (CN) V (trigeminal)

Posterior to auricle: cutaneous branches from C2 and C3 spinal nerves

Vascular supply of the face

Arteries

Facial artery

Major arterial source for face

Arises from external carotid artery, crosses mandible and traverses face to medial angle of eye

Branches to upper and lower lip and nose

Superficial temporal artery

Terminal branch of external carotid

Enters temporal fossa and ends in scalp

Transverse facial artery

From superficial temporal

Crosses face below zygomatic arch

Veins

Supratrochlear vein

Descends from forehead to nose

Joins supraorbital to form angular vein

Supraorbital vein

Begins in forehead and passes medially to join supratrochlear vein

Sends branch through supraorbital notch to joint superior ophthalmic vein

Facial vein

Two veins provide main venous drainage of face

Follow course of facial artery

Drain directly or indirectly into internal jugular vein

Communicates with pterygoid venous plexus and cavernous sinus via superior ophthalmic vein

Superficial temporal vein

Drains scalp and forehead

Unites with maxillary vein to form retromandibular vein

Retromandibular vein

Descends through parotid gland

Sends branch to facial vein

Joins posterior auricular vein to form external jugular vein

page 14

page 15

Lymphatic drainage of the face

Superficial lymphatics travel with veins

Deep lymphatics travel with arteries

Lateral face → parotid lymph nodes

Upper lip and lateral lower lip → submandibular lymph nodes

Chin and central part of lower lip → submental lymph nodes

All lymphatic drainage eventually reaches the deep cervical lymph nodes

Innervation of the face

Cutaneous branches of the cervical nerves

From the cervical plexus

Innervate posterior neck, ear, and area over parotid gland

Trigeminal nerve (CN V)

Sensory for the face

Motor for muscles of mastication

Branches of ophthalmic nerve-CN V 1

Nasociliary nerve → external nasal nerve to skin on dorsum of nose

Nasociliary nerve → infratrochlear nerve to skin and lower eyelid

Frontal nerve → supratrochlear nerve to skin in midforehead

Frontal nerve → supraorbital nerve to skin of forehead and upper eyelid

Branches of maxillary nerve-CN V 2

Infraorbital nerve to skin of cheek, lower lid, lateral nose and mouth, upper lip

Zygomaticotemporal nerve to skin over anterior temple

Zygomaticofacial nerve to skin over zygomatic arch

Branches of mandibular nerve-CN V 3

Auriculotemporal nerve-to skin of external ear, posterior temple, anterior to ear

Buccal nerve-to skin of cheek