Atlas of Human Anatomy by Netter

[Plate 522, Muscles of Sole of Foot: Second Layer]

Four layers in the sole of the foot

Individual muscles of little importance as fine control of the toes is not required

A neurovascular plane exists between the first and second and third and fourth layers

page 265

page 266

Intrinsic Foot Muscles

Muscle Proximal Attachment

(Origin)

Distal Attachment (Insertion) Layer of

plantar foot

Innervation Action

Abductor

hallucis

Medial process of

calcaneal tuberosity

Medial side, base of proximal

phalanx of first toe

First Layer:

deep to

plantar

aponeurosis

Medial plantar

nerve (S2-S3)

Abducts and flexes first toe

Flexor

digitorum

brevis

Medial process of

calcaneal tuberosity

Four tendons split to allow

passage of long flexor tendons,

insert on middle phalanges

First Layer:

deep to

plantar

aponeurosis

Medial plantar

nerve (S2-S3)

Flexes second through fifth

toes

Abductor

digiti

minimi

Calcaneus Lateral side, proximal phalanx

of fifth toe

First Layer:

deep to

plantar

aponeurosis

Lateral plantar

nerve (S2-S3)

Abducts and flexes fifth toe

Quadratus

plantae

Medial and lateral

sides of plantar

surface of calcaneus

Lateral edge of flexor digitorum

longus tendon

Second LayerLateral plantar

nerve (S1-S3)

Corrects for oblique pull of

FDL tendon; thus assists in

flexion of toes

LumbricalsFirst: Medial side of

tendon to second toe

Second through

fourth: Adjacent sides

of contiguous

tendons

Medial side of dorsal digital

expansions

Second LayerMedial one:

Medial plantar

nerve

Lateral three:

Lateral plantar

nerve (S2-S3)

Flex proximal phalanges at

MP joint, extend distal

phalanges at PIP and DIP

joints