26 Britain The Economist March 26th 2022
Academicfreedom
Snitches and witches
I
n late 2020 administrators at Cam
bridge University tried to update its free
speech policy to say that faculty and stu
dents must be “respectful” of the views and
identities of others, rather than merely
“tolerating” them. Fearing a chilling effect
on research and debate, several scholars
succeeded in getting a secret vote on the
change. Fully 87% of faculty rejected it.
Six months later the university pro
posed a scheme, “Change the Culture”,
which encouraged reporting of “microag
gressions”, such as turning your back on or
raising an eyebrow at someone. Informa
tion left anonymously on a website called
Report and Support (r&s) would be held by
the university and potentially shared with
funding bodies. Opponents dubbed it the
“snitch portal”.
Again they mobilised—and again suc
cessfully. Within days “Change the Cul
ture” was withdrawn and a few months lat
er the vicechancellor, Stephen Toope, said
he would leave his post two years early. The
retreat was welcome, says James Orr, a phi
losopher who led the charge against the
scheme, but should not be taken as evi
dence of a wider shift away from campus
censoriousness. In fact, Cambridge was
going against the tide. A report in July by
Civitas, a thinktank, found that around
60% of British universities have an anony
mous reporting tool, and a similar share
are members of an external diversity and
inclusion benchmarking scheme.
Supporters see reporting and bench
marking as essential to improving life for
marginalised faculty and students. “There
is a really clear pattern of systemic in
equality right across the sector,” says David
Bass of Advance he, an education charity.
Black students make up less than 4% of
students in the elite “Russell Group” uni
versities, he points out, compared with an
average for all universities of 8%. Ethnic
minority students gain fewer first and up
persecond degrees, and just 1% of profes
sors are black. Benchmarking, says Mr
Bass, is about “creating an environment
where there is inclusion for everyone”.
But for critics, such schemes impose a
contested ideological outlook and silence
dissent. Not everyone agrees, for example,
that microaggressions play any signifi
cant role in minority disadvantage on cam
pus. Encouraging their reporting means
universities are not only tacitly endorsing
one side in an ongoing debate, but making
it riskyforstafforstudentsto take the oth
er, since doing so would probably count as
a microaggression.
The point of a benchmarking scheme,
meanwhile, is to shift norms to bring about
a specific outcome. Typically, universities
pay to be benchmarked, and pay again for
training in how to do better. The result is
that the external partner’s view of the
world becomes institutionalised—even if
that impinges on academic freedom.
“What an ‘inclusive’ environment really
means for these proponents of institution
al reform is to silence dissenting views that
do not accept their understood notion of
justice,” says Jim McConalogue, one of the
authors of the Civitas report.
Culture club
Among the most popular benchmarking
schemes is Athena Swan, which is run by
Advance he and was set up to boost women
in science and technology. In 2015 it rec
ommended collecting data on the basis of
selfdeclared “gender identity”, rather than
sex. To join, a university must commit to
narrowing the gap between men’s pay and
women’s—a commitment blunted by the
replacement of sex by gender identity,
since that meant male academics being re
corded as female if that was how they iden
tified. And since some funding was linked
to Athena Swan membership, academics
who disagreed with the new, contested de
finition either had to remain silent or po
tentially suffer financial detriment.
After criticism, the connection be
tween funding and membership of Athena
Swan was dropped, and its charter was re
written to acknowledge that biological sex
is protected under equality law. But those
were not the only changes. Now, rather
than committing to “tackling the discrimi
natory treatment often experienced by
trans people”, universities must commit to
“fostering collective understanding that
individuals have the right to determine
their own gender identity”. That “opens the
door to institutional thoughtpolicing”,
says Arif Ahmed, a Cambridge philoso
pher. (Mr Bass demurs, and says the char
ter is consistent with academic freedom.)
Similar problems arise with a “diversity
champions” scheme run by Stonewall, a
charity that campaigns on gay and trans is
sues. It requires members use its defini
tion of terms such as “transphobia”, which
it says means “denying [someone’s] gender
identity or refusing to affirm it”. That leads
universities to ignore legal provisions that
permit singlesex spaces and instead tell
students that they may use whichever toi
lets or changing facilities they feel match
their identity. Dissent must be silenced,
since any public indication that students
or staff oppose the loss of singlesex spaces
is likely to lead to being marked down.
A third diversity scheme to which a ma
jority of universities have signed up is Ad
vance he’s Race Equality Charter. In 2021
Imperial College in London was awarded a
bronze medal for having, among other
things, brought in an r&sanonymousre
porting tool and helped the engineering
department launch a training video about
microaggressions. Critics of the charter
do not dispute that racial inequality exists,
disagreeing only about whether it should
always be understood as evidence of pre
sentday discrimination—and therefore,
whether such measures can do any good.
A planned Higher Education (Freedom
of Speech) bill is supposed to help. Univer
sities will be fined if they fail in their legal
responsibility to foster free speech on
campus, and a “freespeech champion”
will be added to the board of the Office for
Students, a regulatory body.
But when universities have outsourced
their thinking about discrimination and
inclusion, and encouraged anonymous re
porting of dissent, such policies will not do
much to change campus culture. Major le
gal clashes are coming, predicts Mr Orr.
Universities that sign up to manifestos
that commit staff and students to hold spe
cific views on race, gender and equality—
or at least to speak and act as if they do—
cannot also uphold their duty to ensure
free and open dialogue, he says. “There is
going to be a lot of legal turmoil for higher
education institutionswhenit comes to
working out which of thosetwoneeds to be
subordinated to the other.”n
How activists and charities embed contested ideologies on campus