38 United States The Economist March 26th 2022
Economicdevelopment
The United States
of Amazon
F
or nearly a century Birmingham, Ala
bama, was synonymous with steel. The
suburb of Bessemer was named after Hen
ry Bessemer, a British inventor who trans
formed steelmaking. Workers moved from
as far away as southern Europe to toil in the
Birmingham area’s mines and factories,
says Henry McKiven, a historian at the
University of South Alabama.
The steel industry around Birmingham
shrank as manufacturing moved overseas.
Bessemer’s unemployment rate reached
35% in the early 1980s. Another vestige of
steelmaking disappeared from Bessemer
in 2018 when usSteel sold its land to Ama
zon, which had chosen the town as the site
for its first warehouse in Alabama. The sale
symbolised Bessemer’s metamorphosis
from industrial powerhouse to wannabe
logistics hub, a transformation that is be
ing mirrored in cities across America.
Amazon’s business depends on getting
goods to consumers fast, which means
opening fulfilment centres—as it calls its
huge warehouses—near big population ar
eas. mwpvl, a Canadian consultancy, reck
ons Amazon will have opened about 400 of
these in America by 2024 (see lefthand
chart on next page). As well as warehouses,
it is opening sorting centres and delivery
stations—the last stop before a customer’s
doorstep. The company is now America’s
secondbiggest private employer, after
Walmart. At the end of 2021 it had 1.1m “Am
azonians” working in the country, and
plans to hire at least 125,000 more.
Amazon’s relentless expansion is not
just revolutionising shopping. It is also af
fecting towns, such as Bessemer, that
wooed it in the hope of revitalising their
economies. Many cities that were snubbed
in the frenetic competition to become Am
azon’s second headquarters (after Seattle)
were brought into the firm’s orbit anyway
as a regional tech hub, such as Phoenix and
Nashville, or as a home for a fulfilment
centre. Holly Sullivan, Amazon’s vicepres
ident for economic development, says that
when picking a warehouse site her team
considers factors such as transport infra
structure, workforce and availability of in
dustrial land. Bessemer ticked the boxes.
But what happens once Amazon ar
rives? It can change a place in several ways.
Start with wages. Warehouse workers in
counties where Amazon operates made
about $41,000 a year in 2017, 10% less than
those in counties without Amazon. When
B ESSEMER, ALABAMA
How the e-commerce giant’s rapid
expansion is changing the country
Drugpricing
Age-old problem
J
ayreinsteinrememberswherehewas
whenheheardthattheFoodandDrug
Administration(fda) hadapprovedAdu
helm (aducanumab), a new Alzheimer’s
drug.ItwaslastJune,andhewasatKohl’s,
a departmentstore,whenhestartedget
tingnewsalertsonhisphone.Heaskeda
strangeroutsidetheshoptotakea picture
ofhim jumping into the air, which he
promptly posted on Facebook to share the
news with family and friends. “It was an
awesome feeling because it really felt like
there was hope for me and so many oth
ers,” he says. “I remember going home, and
my wife was crying.”
After being diagnosed with Alzheimer’s
disease four years ago at the age of 56, Mr
Reinstein thought the wait for treatment
was finally over. “I was all ready to roll,” he
recalls. Alzheimer’s is a brutal and relent
less degenerative disease that gradually
robs patients of their memories—and dev
astates families. But in January the Centres
for Medicare & Medicaid Services (cms)
proposed that only patients who are en
rolled in clinical trials would have their
drug costs covered. If the cmsconfirms
this decision in April, it will greatly limit
who can have the drug.
Despite Aduhelm being billed as the
first treatment to modify the course of Alz
heimer’s, payers of all kinds have been cool
on the drug. Weak evidence of efficacy,
problematic sideeffects and a skyhigh
price are all to blame. The drug has also had
a chequered history. In early 2019 Biogen,
the biotech firm behind it, halted its devel
opment, saying that it did not work.
Months later, the firm did a uturn and said
a new analysis showed that the drug did
work after all.
Scientists disapproved of the way the
data had been reanalysed. And sceptics
pointed out the massive financial gains ap
proval would bring the company. A scien
tific advisory panel to the fdasaid the drug
should not be approved. But the agency
overruled its committee.
To complicate matters further, the firm
then slapped a price of $56,000 a year on
the drug. The Institute for Clinical and Eco
nomic Review calculates the drug should
be priced at somewhere between $3,000
and $8,400 a year if it works (something
that has not been proved). Although the list
price has since been cut to $28,200 a year,
so far payers have been extremely reluc
tant to meet it. Many private health insur
ershavesaidtheywantmoreproof of effi
cacy before paying for it, and there are con
cerns about adverse effects such as brain
swelling and bleeding.
Biogen badly needs the government to
buy the drug. It emerged recently that the
struggling company is cutting about 1,000
jobs (more than 10% of its workforce). In
January, during a call with investors, Bio
gen’s boss, Michel Vounatsos, pressed
Aduhelm’s supporters to fight the cms’s
decision. And UsAgainstAlzheimer’s, an
advocacy group that receives funding from
Biogen, recently launched a large advertis
ing campaign with the aim of swaying the
final decision.
“When we got the cms’s decision, we
were really sort of shocked. I used a lot of
curse words,” Mr Reinstein says. Like most
patients, he cannot afford to pay for the
drug out of his own pocket. Patients argue
that the cmshas overstepped its authority
by denying coverage for an fdaapproved
drug. Some also worry that the decision
will restrict the market for other drugs in
development that work in the same way
but might prove to be more effective.
Patients argue that Aduhelm is far
cheaper than costly cancer or gene thera
pies. However, the prevalence of Alzheim
er’s, which afflicts 6m people in America,
means that the use of such an expensive
drug on a yearly basis will quickly become
unaffordable. One study calculated that if
1m patients were to be given Aduhelm, the
annual cost would be $73bn by 2028. Al
though Biogen has cut its price since this
analysis was done, broad use of this drug
presents a profound challenge to Medicaid
and Medicare.
While the arguments continue, those
who are missing out on the treatment wor
ry that it may become too late for them to
benefit from the drug. “I’m 60. I want to
spend time with my grandkids and my
family,” explains Mr Reinstein. “And the
more they delay, the more time that this
[disease] canprogress. I’m the perfect can
didate for this.You wait another two years,
I may not be.”n
WASHINGTON, DC
Is a new drug for Alzheimer’s disease
worth paying for?
You’ll feel this in your pocket