4 Special report Florida TheEconomistApril2nd 2022
1565. But Florida was long the country’s last
frontier, a vast swathe of rural swampland
where settlers lived in obscurity and pov
erty. “Florida, sir, is not worth buying,” de
clared John Randolph, a Virginia congress
man, during a debate in 1845 about wheth
er to admit it as America’s 27th state. He
called it “a land of swamps, of quagmires,
of frogs and alligators and mosquitoes”,
and predicted that, “No man would immi
grate into Florida, no, not from hell itself.”
For decades Mr Randolph seemed right.
A few daring transplants such as Flagler
may have worked to alter Florida’s geogra
phy and its appeal by building coastal lux
ury hotels such as The Breakers in Palm
Beach. But it was only a century ago, in
1922, that the state passed the milestone of
1m residents. Until the second world war,
Florida remained the smallest state in the
South by population.
Technology then changed everything.
Dredging and infilling turned swampland
into less soggy settlements. The spread of
railways, highways and commercial air tra
vel ferried tourists south. Airconditioning
made Florida more tolerable, as did ddt, an
insecticide that waged war on mosquitoes
(with farreaching environmental dam
age). Conflict also played a part. During the
second world war, 2m servicemen trained
at Florida’s military bases and liked what
they saw; many returned in peacetime.
Offering warmth and low cost (Florida
isoneofsevenstatestolevynoincome
tax),theSunshineStateisa famousmag
netforretirees.Covid19andworkfromhomepolicieshavein
creasedandbroadeneditsappeal.Byopposingmaskrequire
mentsandvaccinemandatesandmakingschoolsstayopen,Mr
DeSantishaspositionedFloridaaswhathecallsthe“freeststatein
theseUnitedStates”,incontrasttoDemocraticledstatessuchas
NewYorkandCaliforniathatrequiredmasksandvaccinesand
keptbusinessesandschoolsclosedforlonger.
Moreyoungprofessionalsandfamilieswithflexiblejobshave
migratedtothestate,ashavesomefinancialfirmsfromNewYork.
Floridawasoncea “carrotattheendofthelifewelllived,butthat’s
nottrueanymore”,saysChrisSprowls,theRepublicanspeakerof
thestateHouseofRepresentatives.Now“peoplearecominghere
toraisefamilies”andwork,hesays.MrSprowlsseesrecentimmi
grationasa validationofFlorida’spolicies.“We’rea blueprintfor
thecountry,”heclaims.
Southernstinginess
Florida has the lowest number of government employees per head
of all 50 states. State spending per citizen is also the lowest in
America, at $3,845, 40% less than the average. (This excludes fed
eral spending, and with onefifth of Floridians over 65, many rely
on Social Security pensions and Medicare, federal health care for
the elderly.) Tax cuts are a favourite topic of conversation among
Floridian politicians. “Our taxes should actually go down every
year,” says Rick Scott, a former governor who boasts of using his
eight years in office to cut taxes 100 times and to scrap 5,000 reg
ulations. “If you look at the number of people who move to a state
like Florida every year, shouldn’t we be able to share the cost of
government with everybody?” he asks.The state is also extremely diverse, with onefifth of its popula
tion born outside America, earning it the label of “southern Ellis
Island”. Even those born in America often hail from elsewhere, ev
ident in a panoply of licence plates. As many as 39% of Floridians
are from another state, against 16% of Californians and 22% of Tex
ans. Steve Schale, a Democratic strategist in Tallahassee, the state
capital, says that Florida is “not really a state” at all. In most states
residents share common experiences, but that is not true in Flori
da, he argues, since so many people import their biases, voting re
cords and cultural affinities from elsewhere. “Other than sun
shine, there’s no connective tissue that defines Florida,” says Joe
Hamilton, founder of the St Pete Catalyst, an online news site. Aes
thetically, the state is also diverse, except for one characteristic:
flatness. The tallest “hills” in the state are its overwater bridges. At
just 345 feet (105 metres), Florida’s highest natural point is equiv
alent to a 32storey building.
This correspondent drove the length of Florida: from Mobile in
Alabama to Pensacola in western Florida, across the central corri
dor, and down both coasts, all the way to Key West. One way to see
the state is as an eclectic necklace, with beads of various sizes and
materials strung together in an incoherent arrangement.
The northern panhandle is the most “southern” part of Florida,
with the largest black population. It resembles Alabama and Geor
gia, and its people’s drawl sounds southern. The choice of Talla
hassee as state capital feels anachronistic, from a time when most
of the population lived in the north, cotton was a power crop and
slavery was accepted. (Florida fought for the Confederacy.) As if to
reinforce the panhandle’s idiosyncrasy, part is so far west as to be
in a different time zone, lagging the rest of the state by an hour.NaplesBelleGladeMonroeEverglades
NationalParkTampaStPetersburgSarasotaOrlando
Disney
WorldCape
CanaveralTheVillagesSt AugustineOverseas HighwayJacksonvilleMiamiSurfsidePalm
BeachKeyWestMobile
Pensacola
TallahasseeGulfofMexicoStJohnsSuwanneeLake GeorgeLake
OkeechobeeATLANTIC
OCEANMiami-
DadeBrowardPascoPolkOrangeG
oldCoastUNITEDSTATESFlorida100 kmAlabamaGeorgiaEverglades
original drinage
basin, pre- 881*IncludesHispanics
Sources:CensusBureau;
FederalReserveBank of St LouisIncome per person
2020, $’000Non-white population*
2020, %
14 20 40 60 80 824 40 60 80 10010