The Economist April 2nd 2022 Special report Florida 11thereareconcernsaboutquality, with specific instances like a leak
in 2021 at the Piney Point phosphorus plant that led to 205 tonnes
of nitrogen being dumped in Tampa Bay. More daytoday worries
include agricultural runoff and septic tanks, which treat one
third of the wastewater in the state and can sometimes contami
nate water supply, since rising groundwater causes septic sys
tems’ failure and the release of toxins from untreated sewage.
It may seem surprising that the Republicancontrolled Florida
House wants such a deepdive on environmental concerns, but on
this issue state Republicans sound more like Democrats than does
the national party. “Republicans in Florida are more collectively
connected to nature and understand nature as part of the econ
omy,” says Dawn Shirreffs of the Environmental Defence Fund, a
nonprofit group. Mr DeSantis was elected in 2018 as an environ
mentalist, who supported bans on fracking and offshore drilling.
He is no Teddy Roosevelt, animated by a personal connection to
nature. Instead, he made a savvy political calculation, under
standing voters’ fears over climate change.
This is a change from Rick Scott, his predecessor, who banned
staff from uttering the words “climate change”. Mr DeSantis has
said he does not want to do “leftwing” stuff and is unwilling to
tackle the underlying cause of global warming by reducing carbon
emissions, but he often speaks about the environment, including
the need to restore the Everglades. The state legislature had agreed
since 2021 to invest around $670m to fund “resilience” work in
projects for communities vulnerable to sealevel rise. Mr DeSantis
has also created a “chief resilience officer”, although this position
has spent much time vacant and underresourced. He is trying to
walk a tightrope, bringing attention to environmental issues
without putting in place regulations that would alienate business
es or curtail development.
Privately many say that the state is not
doing enough, considering the extent of
Florida’s environmental problems. There
have been many headlines on Everglades
projects, and both state and federal fund
ing has been diverted there, some of which
predated Mr DeSantis. Yet not much has
changed, says Michael Grunwald, author of
“The Swamp”, who says the problems, in
cluding a lack of water storage capacity,
“areasbadastheyeverwere”. Strongermovesneeded
Some issues require bolder action and in
vestment on a completely different scale. A
taskforce convened by Mr DeSantis to stu
dy bluegreen algae recommended mea
sures including state inspections of septic
tanks, but not all of its suggestions have
been implemented. “Florida is like a sick
patient,” says Jonathan Webber of Florida
Conservation Voters. “We brought the pa
tient to the doctor’s and the doctor gave us
a prescription, and then we threw the pre
scription in the trash.”
Current state funding will convert less
than 4% of septic systems into sewers. But
population growth and new development
are expected to expand the number of sep
tic systems by almost a quarter over the
next ten years (the state has 2.6m septic
systems, 12% of America’s total). This is an
area needing huge investment. To convert
septic tanks into sewers costs around
$40,000 per residence, so doing it for just a quarter of today’s sep
tic tanks would cost the state $26bn. Lack of action carries costs,
though. Willis Towers Watson estimates that, without action,
chronic contamination of the water supply will result in
$73bn80bn in damages over the next decade.
Sealevel rise is even costlier. Some 20% of Florida’s property is
at substantial risk of flooding, and that will rise to 24% by 2050,
according to First Street Foundation, a research group. Key West
demonstrates the need to plan for the future. Teri Johnston, the
mayor, says the cost of raising roads and making other adjust
ments for sealevel rise has been “astronomical”. The county is do
ing shoreline work to reinforce beaches, and the city has changed
regulations around height limits for buildings, so they can be built
higher above flood elevation. “We’ve invested millions, but it’s go
ing to take billions, with a b,” she says. Tallahassee has provided
some funding, but not enough direction, leaving most of it up to
counties. “I would like to see more money, more strategy, more
support for the entire state,” says Ms Johnston.
Mr Scott eliminated the Department of Community Affairs,
which served as the centralplanning
group for where to develop, bowing to
pressure from property firms that com
plained of red tape. Today there is no state
wide strategy for managing population
growth alongside environmental protec
tion. “In a state as fragile as Florida, careful
planning on where we’re putting homes is
vital, and that’s not happening like it used
to, at least on a state level,”saysMr Webber.
He says that right now, “It’stheWild West
for realestate developers.”nOn edge in the Everglades
The environment
is at once both
Florida’s biggest
asset and its
greatest liability