Primary immune response occurs as a result
of first contact with an antigen and results
in production of IgM and IgG antibodies,
while secondary immune response occurs at
the second or subsequent exposure to same
antigen, and is mainly due to IgG antibodies.
Callus is irregular, unorganized and
undifferentiated mass of actively dividing cells
obtained by culturing an explant.
Edible vaccines have easy delivery system as
they are consumed, and low cost as compared
to the recombinant vaccines.
i. Describe how the antigen gene inserted into rice DNA
genome would result in successful vaccination once the
rice is eaten?
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ii. Explain why it is necessary to form a callus in order to grow
genetically modified rice?
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iii. Edible vaccines have been made using other plants like
tomato and banana. Suggest the advantages of using rice
over other plants.
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H7N9 is an influenza virus with HA of H7 subtype and NA of
N9 subtype.
i. Describe the roles of HA and NA in the reproductive cycle of
the influenza H7N9 virus.
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ii. The influenza genome comprises genes for RNA polymerase.
How is the virus RNA polymerase different from the host RNA
polymerase?
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4.
