S A N G I K A N 487
Nuchal plane quite strongly inclined forward and
down (not horizontal) (S2, S4, S17). Temporal lines
very indistinct (S2). Slight elevation at bregma (S2),
which continues faintly laterally along coronal suture
and posteriorly along sagittal suture only a short
distance. Parietals do not bulge. In coronal section,
braincase does have a distinct “tent-shaped” profile
(S2). Cranium tapers noticeably anteriorly (S2, S17).
Squamous suture was long and low (S2, S4). Pari-
etal notch shallow (S2, S4). Occipital torus begins its
rise just behind each of pair of cerebellar swellings and
becomes more prominent toward midline (S4). Torus
delineated inferiorly by broadly separated, scallop-
shaped muscle impressions, between which inferior
margin is less sharply defined (S4).
Sangirun 14. Fragments of region around foramen
magnum. Occipital condyles short, small, and very
anteriorly placed (S 17), with patent condylar canals
beneath them. Body of basiocciput thin inside to out,
broad, and somewhat tapering forward (S17).Sangiran 17. Cranium with fairly complete neuro-
cranium, missing parts of mostly R parietal; anterior
base missing, but partial midface present, although
not in direct contact with braincase. Break just above
frontonasal suture; isolated portion below includes
nasal bones and frontal processes. Detached from the
above is a piece that includes most of R zygoma
through anterior portion of the L maxilla. Cranial
bone quite thick (numerous breaks show thickness is
almost all in diploic bone); inner and outer tables
quite thin. Sutures not visible. Bone greatly wea-
thered. Only five teeth present, all small for size of
skull and heavily worn.
As presently reconstructed, facial parts not in
anatomic position. R zygomatic arch totally recon-
structed; is clearly too long and does not bow suffi-
ciently laterally. R lacrimal fossa visible; instead of
being vertical, it is rotated counter-clockwise to ap-
proximately 45 degrees and lies too far posteriorly
within orbit. If midline septum between R and L
frontal sinuses were properly positioned, lacrimal fossa
would lie at anterior end of orbital cone, and naso-
nasal suture would lie in midline. Nasion is also situa-
ted too far posteriorly, while the nasal bones project
too far forward. Thus, the whole upper midface sec-
tion is rotated forward and outward, whereas it should
be more vertical. This mispositioning carries the face
below it too far forward, resulting in excessive prog-
nathism and unwarranted length of the reconstructedzygomatic arch. Also, the central axis of palate is pos-
teriorly skewed to R side. If corrected, the noticeable
anterior bulge of the body of the zygoma would be
reduced, and the malar tubercle and upper right
canine would move posterolaterally while the molar
series would assume a more mesiodistal orientation
(i.e., tooth rows would be more parallel).
Neurocranium long relative to height, with a very
low forehead receding almost directly from supraor-
bital margins. Low frontal begins rise well posterior to
supraorbital margins; profile peaks around region of
bregma, which lies far back, over articular eminence.
As reconstructed, the broken piece of frontal that in-
cludes bregma is somewhat sunken, exaggerating low-
ness of profile. Behind bregma is a fairly smooth curve
posterior to the angular juncture between occipital
and nuchal planes. Coronal profile descending from
bregma slopes gently down to superior temporal lines,
lateral to which cranial wall bulges slightly, forming a
distinct angle along temporal line (as seen on L).
Braincase then curves slightly down and out to a very
distinct supramastoid bulge. Viewed from above, cra-
nial sides converge markedly anteriorly, to the quite
posterior postorbital constriction (thus, braincase
much narrower in front than posteriorly).
Superior margin of orbit relatively straight across;
inferior orbital margin more semicircular. Supraorbital
margins quite tall s/i, of more or less uniform thickness
from side to side, continuous across glabella; shallow
vertical depression lateral to glabella on both sides. Tori
very slightly arced across each orbit; would originally
have protruded a little outward over face. Viewed from
above, glabella protrudes anteriorly beyond plane of
tori. Superior margin of orbit bluntly angular as it rolls
up and back into torus. Posttoral plane moderately
long. Slight postglabellar sulcus. Viewed from side, up-
per orbital profile angles back, as indicated by posterior
position of zygomaticofrontal suture on the L. As seen
on the L, only a few ethmoid air cells extended quite
far laterally into orbital roof. Two small posterior eth-
moid air cells lie posteriorly, with a slightly larger one
in front of them. In front again, frontal sinuses large,
extending to midline of orbit laterally, although poste-
riorly only to frontal rise (i.e., they occupy space
between anterior part of frontal bone and impressions
of frontal lobes, which extend forward only halfway
along orbital cones). Also apparent sinus penetration
of interorbital region bilaterally (but which sinus?).
L frontal sinus larger than R. Nasion reconstructed;
some gentle curvature in profile of nasal bones below.