102 Chapter 5
Joint replacement technology is advancing
rapidly due in part to the development of
new surgical techniques. With minimally
invasive surgery (MIS), the surgeon makes
only a 3‑ to 4‑inch incision instead of a
much longer cut. This approach does less
damage to surrounding tissue and patients
may heal faster. More and more surgeons
are becoming trained in MIS. We probably
can expect it to become the standard for
many joint replacements.your Future
section 5.4 The appen dicular skeleton
(Table 5.2) provides support for upright
posture and interacts with skeletal muscles
in most movements.
sections 5.5, 5.6 In its partnership
with skeletal muscles, the skeleton works
like a system of levers in which rigid rods
(bones) move about at fixed points (joints).
In a synovial joint, a fluid-filled cavity
separates adjoining bones. Such joints are
freely movable. In cartilaginous joints, carti-
lage fills the space between bones and allows
only slight movements. In fibrous joints,
fibrous connective tissue knits the bones
together.revieW Questions
- Describe the basic elements of bone tissue.
- What are the two types of bone tissue, and how
are they different? - Describe how bone first develops.
- Explain why bone remodeling is important, and
give its steps. - Name the two main divisions of the skeleton.
- How does a tendon differ from a ligament?
- What are intervertebral disks made of and what is their
function? - What is a joint?
- What is the defining feature of a synovial joint?
seLF-Quiz Answers in Appendix VI
- The and systems work together to move the
body and specific body parts. - Bone tissue contains.
a. living cells d. all of these
b. collagen fibers e. both a and b
c. calcium and phosphorus - are shock pads and flex points.
a. Vertebrae c. Lumbar bones
b. Cervical bones d. Intervertebral disks - The hollow center of an osteon (Haversian system)
provides space for what vital part of compact bone tissue?
a. marrow c. a blood vessel
b. collagen fibers d. osteocytes - is a type of connective tissue; form(s) in it.
a. An osteon; collagen
b. Bone marrow; blood cells
c. Bone; an osteocyte
d. A sinus; bone marrow - Mineralization of bone tissue requires.
a. calcium ions c. elastin
b. osteoclasts d. all of the above
7. Bone remodeling has all of the following functions except
.
a. helps maintain homeostasis in blood level of calcium
b. replaces “old” bone with fresh bone tissue
c. exchanges collagen with elastin fibers for flexibility
d. strengthens bones subjected to mechanical stress
8. The axial skeleton consists of the , while the
appendicular skeleton consists of the.
9. Ligaments are important components of the skeletal system
because they.
10. Match the terms and definitions.
bone a. spaces in certain skull bones
collagen b. all in the hands
synovial fluid c. blood cell production
osteocyte d. a fibrous protein
marrow e. mature bone cell
metacarpals f. lubrication
mandible g. mineralized connective
sinuses tissue
h. the lower jaw
CritiCaL thinKing
- Growth hormone, or GH, is used medically to spur growth
in children who are unusually short because they have
a GH deficiency. However, it is useless for a short but
otherwise normal 25-year-old to request GH treatment in
order to grow taller. Why? - If bleached human bones found lying in the desert were
carefully examined, would osteons be present? How about
osteocytes and a marrow cavity? - For young women, the recommended daily allowance
(RDA) of calcium is 1,000 milligrams. For a 60-year-old
woman, however, the RDA is 1,200 milligrams a day.
What might happen to an older woman’s bones without
the larger amount? - The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) helps stabilize the
knee joint. It is easily injured by hyperextension of the
knee. How would you have to move your lower leg to
cause a hyperextension injury?
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