HUMAN BIOLOGY

Index  I-25

hMG (human menopausal
gonadotropin), 318
Homeostasis
blood pressure, 131, 133, 226, 291,
296, 300
blood role in, 137, 142
of body fluids, 80–81, 142,
224–225, 224f, 224t, 229,
230–231, 230f, 231f, 232, 232f,
232t, 233, 296, 299
body temperature, 82–83, 82f,
83f, 83t
bones and, 89, 90, 100
calcium levels, 89, 100, 110,
294–295, 295f
n cancer and, 438
cardiovascular system role in, 123,
123f, 137
circulatory system and, 130, 131
defined, 11
definition of, 2
digestive system in, 211
endocrine system in, 80f, 301
feedback controls. See Negative
feedback loop; Positive
feedback loop
glia and, 240
glucose blood levels, 29, 212, 286,
291, 296, 298, 298f, 299, 304
hypothalamus and, 82–83, 82f,
83t, 253
illness and, 11
kidneys and, 145, 145f, 229, 230–231,
230f, 231f, 232, 232f, 232t
in living things, 2
maintaining, 80–81, 80f, 81f
muscular system and, 11, 11f, 117
nervous system and, 248, 253, 261
organ systems role in, 80–81, 100
pH balance and, 24, 25, 185, 229, 232,
232f, 232t
red blood cell count, 145, 145f, 154
respiratory system in, 186–187, 186f,
187f, 191
skeletal system and, 90, 90t, 100
skin and, 78
sodium blood levels, 296, 300
testosterone blood levels, 313, 313f
urinary system and, 224–225,
224f, 224t, 229, 230–231,
230f, 231f, 235
water properties and, 22–23
Hominins, 450f, 452, 452f, 458
Hominoids, 450f
Homocysteine, 134, 135t
n Homocystinuria, 417f
Homo erectus, 449, 452, 452f, 453
Homo floresiensis, 452, 453f
Homo habilis, 443, 443f, 449, 452, 452f
Homologous chromosomes, 355, 355f,
362, 364f–365f, 366, 374, 374f,
386, 397

Homologous structures, 446, 446f

Homologue(s). See Homologous

chromosomes

Homo neanderthalensis (Neanderthals),

449, 449f, 452, 453, 453f

Homo sapiens, 443, 449, 449f, 450–451,

450t, 451f, 453, 453f

Homozygous dominant condition,

374, 374t

Homozygous individuals, 374, 374t,

375f, 376, 376f, 392–393

Homozygous recessive condition, 374,

374t, 378f, 379f

n Hookworm, 173t

Hopf, Conner, 392, 392f

Horizontal cells, 279, 279f

Hormone-receptor complex, 288, 289f

Hormones, 296–297

adrenal, 292t, 296–297, 297f

and appetite, 6, 217

in assisted reproduction, 326

and blood–brain barrier, 253

in blood plasma, 142, 142f

and blood pressure control, 131

blood sugar regulation with, 202,

298, 298f

bones and, 89

cardiac, 292t, 300

as chemical signals, 286, 286t

childbirth triggered by, 342

in contraception, 316t, 317

conversion of signals from, 288

digestive system and, 200, 204, 206,

207, 207f, 207t, 292t, 300

discovery of, 286

follicle-stimulating, 287f, 288t, 290t,

291, 291f, 308–309, 309f, 313,

313f, 318, 333

and genital development, 339, 339f

gonadal, 287f, 292t, 300, 300f

heart, 292t, 300

human growth. See Human

growth hormone

hypothalamic, 290, 290f, 291f

interactions (“partnerships”), types

of, 286

kidney, 226, 292t

liver, 292t, 293

liver processing of, 202f, 203

as long-term controllers, 292, 292t

luteinizing, 287f, 288t, 290t, 291,

291f, 308–309, 309f, 313, 313f

menstrual cycle and, 306–307

metabolic, 291

milk production control by, 343, 343f

muscle, 120, 300

nonsteroid, 288–289, 288t, 289f

ovarian, 287f, 288, 292t, 300, 300f

pancreatic, 292t, 298, 298f

parathyroid, 89, 287f, 288t, 292t,

294–295, 294f

peptide, 288–289, 288t, 289f

pineal, 287f, 300

pituitary, 287f, 290–291, 290f, 290t,

291f, 304

receptors, of, 288, 289f

in reproductive system, 308–309, 309f

sex, 26, 27f, 98, 287f, 296, 300, 300f,

306–307, 313, 313f, 339, 339f,

347, 349

sources and functions of, 286, 287f,

292, 292t, 294–295, 294f, 295f,

296–297, 297f, 298, 298f

and sperm formation, 313, 313f

steroid, 31, 288, 288t, 289f, 296, 409

testicular, 287f, 288, 292t, 300, 300f

thymus, 287f, 292t, 300

thyroid, 69f, 135, 287f, 288, 288t,

292t, 294, 294f, 297

types of, 288–289, 288t

urinary system and, 230–231, 231f

Horns, of vertebrae, 251f

Horses, cloning of, 421, 421f

n Hospitals, infections in (nosocomial

infections), 153, 173

Hot flashes, 307

HPV (human papillomavirus), 321t,

322, 322f, 322t

Human(s). See also Homo sapiens

classification of, 3, 3f, 450, 450t

distinctive characteristics of, 3

early, dispersal of, 449, 452, 453, 453f

elements in body of, 16, 16f

evolution of, 3, 3f, 446–447, 446f,

447f, 449, 449f, 450–451, 450f,

451f, 452–453, 452f, 453f

population growth, 472–474, 472f–474f

vestigial structures in, 447, 447f

Human activity

n and carbon cycle, 466, 466f–467f

n environmental impact of, 4, 9,

448, 460, 471, 471f, 475–487,

475f–483f, 486f, 487f

n and extinction rate, 448, 449f, 486

Human behavior. See also Lifestyle

distinctive characteristics of, 3

evolution of, 451, 453

genetic factors in, 382

variations in, within population, 441

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG),

149t, 169f, 333, 336, 427, 432

Human Connectome Project, 249

Human development. See

Development

n Human Genome

mapping of, 416–417

size of, 416

n Human Genome Project, 416–417,

416f, 424

Human growth hormone (HGH), 285.

See also Growth hormone

n biotechnology and, 420, 420f

and bone growth, 89

n disorders and, 293, 293f

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