HUMAN BIOLOGY

I-28 Index 

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change, 479
Interleukins, 161, 163, 419
Intermediate (of metabolic reaction), 59
Intermediate filaments, 44f, 53, 53f
Internal environment, homeostasis
in, 80–81, 80f, 81f. See also
Extracellular fluid; Homeostasis
Internal respiration. See Cellular
respiration
Internal urethral sphincter, 229, 229f
Interneurons, 240, 240f, 246, 247, 248,
251, 267f, 268, 279, 279f
Interphase (cell cycle), 356, 356f, 358, 362
Interstitial cells. See Leydig cells
Interstitial fluid, 80, 224, 224f. See also
Extracellular fluid
Intervertebral disks, 91f, 93, 93f,
96, 348
Intestinal nucleases, 205t
Intestines. See Large intestine;
Small intestine
Intracellular fluid, 224, 224f. See
also Cytoplasm
n Intracytoplasmic sperm injection
(ICSI), 319
Intrapleural space, 179
Intrapulmonary pressure, 182
n Intrauterine device (IUD), 316, 316t
n Intravenous drug use, 136, 172
Intrinsic cardiac pacemaker, 128
Intrinsic clotting mechanism, 150
Intrinsic factor, 200
Introns, 409
n Invasive cervical cancer, 322. See also
Cervical cancer
n In vitro fertilization, 318–319, 318f,
319f, 346
Involuntary movements, 246–247, 247f.
See also Reflex(es)
cardiac muscle contraction, 104,
124–125, 125f, 128, 128f, 129f
respiration, 186–187
by smooth muscles, 72, 104, 104f
swallowing, 199, 199f
Iodine, 17, 215t, 294, 294f, 432, 433f
Ion(s), 20. See also Calcium ions;
Chloride ions; Hydrogen ions;
Potassium ions; Sodium ions
in blood plasma, 142, 142f
crossing of cell membranes, 47, 47f
crossing through channel proteins,
240–241, 241f, 242–243,
242f–243f
in extracellular fluid, 80, 224, 225
in neuron signaling, 240–241, 241f,
242–243, 242f–243f, 244, 244f
urinary system regulation of, 228,
229t, 232f
Ionic bonds, 20, 20f, 21t
Ionizing radiation, 361, 361f. See
also Radiation

IPSPs (inhibitory postsynaptic

potentials), 245

Iris (of the eye), 276, 276f, 276t,

396f, 397f

Irish potato famine, 474f

Irisin, 120, 300

Iron

n in diet, 214, 215t

hemoglobin and, 144, 144f, 145

and red blood cells, 16

n Iron-deficiency anemia, 152, 152f

Irradiation. See Radiation

n Irrigation, 480, 480f, 482, 482f

n Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS),

208–209

Isoleucine, 213, 213f

Isometric muscle contractions,

112–113, 113f

Isotonic muscle contractions,

112–113, 113f

Isotonic solutions, 55, 55f

Isotopes, 17, 432, 433f. See also

Radioisotopes

n Itching

scratching of, 265

sensation of, 268

J

Japan, Fukushima Daiichi power plant

meltdown, 485

Jaw, 92, 92f–93f, 451

Jefferson, Thomas, 419

Jejunum, 196f, 204, 218f

Jenner, Edward, 176, 176f

n Jet lag, 300

Joints, 96

ankle, 93, 96, 98–99, 451

cartilaginous, 96, 96f

connective tissue and, 70f–71f, 71,

75, 75f, 90, 96, 96f

elbow, 94, 96, 96f, 97f, 98

fibrous, 96, 96f

hip, 95, 97f, 98

n injury to, 98–99

knee, 71, 87, 93, 95, 96, 96f, 97f, 98,

98f, 102, 451

motion types in, 97f

muscle stabilization of, 112

n obesity and, 93

n replacement of, 98, 98f, 102

n rheumatoid arthritis and, 98, 171,

171f, 171t

shoulder, 94, 97f, 98

in skeletal system, 90

synovial, 96, 96f, 97f, 98–99

tendons in, 106, 106f

tissue membranes in, 75, 75f

types of, 96

vertebral, 96

wrist, 94, 107

Journals, scientific, 6–7

Jugular foramens, 92, 92f–93f

Jugular veins, 122f

Juxtaglomerular apparatus,

231, 231f

K

n Kaposi’s sarcoma, 172f

Karyotype, 387, 387f, 397f, 399f

Kennedy, John F., 304

Keratin, 34, 35, 35f, 79

Keratinocytes, 79

Keratoconus, 167

n Keratoplasty, conductive, 281

Ketone group, 26f, 28

Ketones, 299

Kidney(s)

aging and, 238, 348f, 348t

n autoimmune disorders and, 171

blood circulation to, 127, 127f

and body fluid homeostasis, 145,

145f, 225, 229, 230–231, 230f,

231f, 232, 232f, 232t

n cancer of, 234, 234f, 431f

n diabetes and, 299, 299t

n dialysis, 233, 233f

n diseases and disorders of, 153, 219,

233–234, 233f, 234f

n drug damage to, 234

in endocrine system, 225, 292t

n function, blood tests for, 149, 149t

hormonal regulation of, 290–291,

290f, 290t, 295, 295f, 296, 297f

hormone production in, 292t

n low-carb diets and, 213

and red blood cell formation, 145,

145f, 154

n referred pain from, 269f

structure and function of, 226–227,

226f, 227f, 296

n transplantation, 233, 236, 238

urine formation in, 228–229, 228f,

229t, 230–231, 230f, 231f, 232

n Kidney stone, 216, 233, 295

Kilocalories, 217

Kingdoms of life (classification),

3, 450t

Klebsiella, 160f

n Klinefelter syndrome, 399,

399f, 401t

Kneecap. See Patella

Knee jerk reflex, 262, 262f

Knee joint, 71, 87, 93, 95, 96, 96f, 97f,

98, 98f, 102

in apes vs. humans, 451

n excessive weight and, 93

n replacement of, 98, 98f

Kosen, Sultan, 285, 285f, 293

Krebs cycle, 60–61, 61f, 62, 62f, 63

Krebs, Hans, 61f

L

n Labels, food, 213, 222f

Labia majora, 306, 306f, 307f

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