Index I-29Labia minora, 306, 307f
Labor and delivery, 81, 96, 291,
342–343, 342f
Lacks, Henrietta, 425, 425f
Lacrimal bone, 92, 92f–93f
Lactase, 209
Lactate, 160
Lactate fermentation, 63, 63f
Lactation, 286, 291, 343, 343f. See also
Breast milk
Lacteals, 204
Lactic acid, 63, 112, 113
Lactobacillus bacteria, 160
Lactose, 28, 209
n Lactose intolerance, 209
Lacunae, 88
Landfills, 481
n Land use, 482–483, 482f, 483f
Langerhans cells, 79
Language, 3, 254, 254f
Lanugo, 340
n Large-cell carcinomas, 190
Large intestine, 196f, 203f, 206, 206f
in food processing, 196f, 197,
206, 206f
Larynx, 178, 178f, 179, 179f, 199, 199f
n Larynx cancer, 188f, 435
Lascaux, France, cave paintings at, 453f
n Lasek (laser-assisted subepithelial
keratectomy) surgery, 281
n Laser angioplasty, 134
n Laser coagulation, 281
n Lasik (laser-assisted in situ
keratomilieusis) surgery, 281
Lateral geniculate nucleus, 279, 279f
n Latin America, pesticide use in, 487
Latissimus dorsi, 105f
LDLs (low-density lipoproteins), 134,
177, 203, 213
n Lead, as pollutant, 476
Leakey, Mary, 452f
Learning, 257
n Learning disabilities, agricultural
chemicals and, 37
Lecithin, 212
Legs. See also Ankle; Hip joint;
Knee joint
bones of, 91f, 94–95, 95f
muscles of, 105f, 107
Legumes, in diet, 212
Lemurs, 450f
Lens (eye), 276–277, 276f, 276t, 277f,
281, 330, 338f–339f
Leptin, 217
Leptin resistance, 217
Leucine (leu), 212, 213f
n Leukemias, 17, 17f, 152, 152f, 397,
417f, 418, 419, 430t, 431, 431f,
432, 434, 435
n Leukocyte adhesion deficiency, 417f
Leukocytes. See White blood cells
Leydig cells, 312f, 313, 313f
LH (luteinizing hormone), 287f, 288t,
290t, 291, 291f, 308–309, 309f,
313, 313f
Libido, sex hormones and, 300
Lice
n body, 487
n pubic, 323, 323f
n Licorice, and hypertension, 238
Life
biological molecules in, 26–27, 26t
carbon and, 26
characteristics of, 2, 2f
n classification of, 3, 3f
organization of, 4, 4f–5f
origin of, 454–455, 454f, 455f
stages of, 347, 347t
n water and, 21, 22, 454
Life cycle, 354. See also Development
Life expectancy, 188f, 347, 348, 473f
Life stages of humans, 2
Lifestyle. See also Behavior; Diet
n and cancer risk, 10, 435, 435f
n and cardiovascular disease, 135
n combating effects of aging, 349
n and disease risk, 10, 381
n and prenatal development,
344–345, 345f
Ligaments
in appendicular skeleton, 94, 95
as connective tissue, 70f–71f, 71
identification of, 101
in joints, 96, 96f
in skeletal system, 90, 91f
tears in, 98, 99
Liggett, Stephen, 396f
Light. See also Sun/solar radiation
as ionizing radiation, 361
n waves, and vision, 276–277,
276–279, 276t, 277f
n Light microscope, 45, 45f
Limb buds, 338f–339f
Limbic system, 255, 255f, 257, 270
Limbs, development of, 338f–339f
Limiting factors (population
size), 474
Linkage (gene), 386, 386f
Linoleic acid, 212, 212t
Linolenic acid, 30f
Lipases, 204, 205t
Lipid(s), 30–31, 30f, 31f, 39t. See
also Fat(s)
absorption in small intestine,
204, 205f
as antigens, 156
ATP production using, 59
in blood plasma, 142, 142f
n and cardiovascular disease,
134, 135t
cellular use of, 30–31, 30f, 31f,
46–47, 46f
n dietary recommendations,
212, 212tdigestion of, 196f, 202–203, 204, 205f,
205t, 207, 207f
in plasma membranes, 46–47, 46f, 47f
synthesis of, 50
as type of biological molecule, 26
Lipid bilayer. See also Plasma
membrane (cell membrane)
of cell membranes, 31, 31f, 43, 43f,
46–47, 46f, 47f
hormones and, 288, 289f
ions crossing, 240–241, 241f, 242–243,
242f–243f
of neuron, 240–241, 241f, 242f–243f
of nucleus, 48, 49f
n Lipid profile, 149t
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL), 116
Lipoproteins, 34, 142, 205f. See also
HDLs; LDLs
Liquid, water as, 22
n Lithotripsy, 233
Liver
n alcohol and, 41, 203
amino acids processed by, 203
ammonia processed by, 202f, 203
blood circulation to, 126f, 127, 127f
n cancer of, 322, 429, 430t, 432, 435
cells, 43f, 50, 51
and cholesterol blood levels, 134
n cirrhosis, 41, 208, 208f, 322
in digestion, 196f, 202–203, 202f, 204
n diseases and disorders of, 41, 168,
168t, 169, 173t, 208, 322
and drug tolerance, development
of, 260
during early development, 341, 341f
in endocrine system, 292t
fats produced by, 212
n function, blood tests for, 149, 149t
glycogen storage in, 29, 63, 202f, 203
n hepatitis, 41, 168, 168t, 169, 173t,
208, 322
hormone processing, 202f, 203
hormone production, 292t, 293
hormones acting on, 288–289, 289f,
296, 298
protein synthesis, 202f, 203
n referred pain from, 269f
structure and function of, 50, 51, 142,
145, 202–203, 202f
n transplantation of, 208
Liver cells, 43f, 50, 51
n Livestock
antibiotics given to, 176
cloning of, 421, 421f
overgrazing of, 482
Living things. See Life
Lockjaw. See Tetanus (disease)
Locus, gene, 374, 374f, 386, 386f
n Logging, environmental impact of,
483, 483f
Logistic growth, 474, 474f
Long-term memory, 257, 257fCopyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).