I-32 Index
Mineral(s). See also Calcium; Iron;
Potassium; other specific minerals
absorption in small intestine, 204
in bones, 88–89, 90, 90t
as dietary supplements, 214–215
effects of deficiency of excess, 215t
in extracellular fluid, regulation
of, 296
liver storage of, 202f, 203
and prenatal development, 344
in solute exchange, 225
sources and metabolic functions of,
214–215, 215t
Mineralocorticoids, 292t, 296, 304
Minger, Stephen, 67, 67f
n Minimally invasive surgery
(MIS), 102
n Mining, 484
n Miscarriage, 344, 345, 350, 361, 399
Missing link, 443, 458
Missouri protein breakfast study,
6–7, 7f
Mitochondria
ATP production in, 52, 57, 57f,
60–61, 61f, 62, 62f
n diseases and disorders of, 52,
57, 57f
of eukaryotic cells, 44f, 44t, 52, 52f
evolution of, 52
exercise and, 116
in muscle tissue, 107, 107f, 108f
in sperm, 313, 313f
structure of, 52, 52f
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), 52
Mitosis
in cell cycle, 356–357, 356f, 359f
and chromosome number,
354–355, 398
control of, 372
cytoplasmic division in, 356,
356f, 360
meiosis compared to, 357t,
368f–369f
in sperm formation, 312, 312f
stages of, 356f, 358, 359f
Mitral valve, 124, 124f
Mixtures, 19
n MMR vaccination, 168t
n Modified radical mastectomy, 324
Molars, 198, 198f
n Mole (skin growth), 426, 426f
Molecules. See also Biological
molecules
atoms combined into, 16, 18–19,
19f, 19t
compound, 19, 19f, 19t
hydrophilic, 22, 30–31, 31f,
43, 43f
hydrophobic, 22, 30, 31f, 43, 43f
as level of biological organization,
4, 4f–5f
models and representations of, 19t
movement of, 54–55, 54f, 55f
water, 19, 19f, 19t, 21, 21f,
22–23, 22f
Monkeys, 448, 448f, 450, 450f
Monoclonal antibodies, 169, 169f,
432, 435
Monocytes, 142f, 143, 143f
Monoglycerides, 204, 205f
Monomers, 27
n Mononucleosis, 152
Monosaccharides, 28, 205f, 205t, 212
n Monosomy, 398
Monotremes, 445
Monounsaturated fatty acids, 212t
Mood. See also Depression
n disorders of, 259
neurotransmitters and, 259
n Morality, vs. science, 9
n Morning-after pill, 316t, 317
n Morphine, 260, 271
Morphogenesis, 331, 334f, 335, 335f, 338
Morphological traits, 441
n Morphology, comparative, 446–447,
446f, 447f
Mortality rate, and population
increase, 472
Mortensen, Viggo, 375, 375f
Morula, 330, 330f, 332, 332f, 347t
n Mosquitoes
anticoagulant injected by, 154
as disease vector, 152, 173, 487
Motility (digestive tract), 197
n Motion sickness, 275
Motor areas (brain), 254, 254f, 255f
Motor memory, 257, 257f
Motor neurons, 43f, 250
disorders of, 407f, 416
muscle contraction and, 73, 110–111,
110f, 111f, 112, 113f, 115, 267f
role in reflexes, 246, 247f
structure and function of, 73, 73f,
240, 240f, 241f
Motor units, 112, 113f
Motor vehicles
n energy use, 484f, 485
n hybrid, 485
n and pollution, 25, 476, 485
Mouse
in scientific research, 169
transgenic, 420, 420f
Mouth (oral cavity), 178f, 270, 270f. See
also Jaw; Teeth; Tongue
n cancer of, 41, 188f, 322, 431f, 435
in food processing, 196, 196f, 197,
198, 198f
pH of, 198
Movement
of cells, 53, 53f, 331, 335, 426f, 426t,
427, 427f
of molecules, 54–55, 54f, 55f
muscular system role in, 104,
106–107, 107fnervous system role in, 254, 254f, 255f
during prenatal development,
340, 340f
pseudopodia, of cancer cells, 427, 427f
skeletal system role in, 90, 90t, 96,
96f, 97f
Movement proteins, 32, 32t
M phase, of cell cycle, 356, 356f
n MRI (magnetic resonance imaging),
265, 361, 432, 432f
functional (fMRI), 259, 259f
n MRSA (methicillin resistant staph
A), 153, 153f, 173
Mucins, 198
Mucosae (mucous membranes), 75, 75f,
92, 197, 197f
as defense, 160
in digestive tube, 197, 197f, 200f,
201, 201f
Mucus
aging and, 349
defense role of, 160, 165, 165t
digestive role of, 196, 196f, 199, 200
epithelial tissues and, 68
as glandular secretion, 69
on olfactory epithelium, 270, 271f
reproductive role of, 307f, 309
n in respiratory disorders, 188–189,
190, 385
in respiratory system, 178–179, 179f
in sexual arousal, 314
MUGA (multi-gated) scan, 17f
Multifactorial traits, 381, 381f, 384
Multiple allele system, 379, 380–381
Multiple births, 332, 332f, 333,
333f, 382
n Multiple sclerosis, 157, 169,
171f, 258
n Mumps, 168t
Muscle(s). See also Cardiac muscle;
Contractions (muscular);
Muscular system; Skeletal
muscle; Smooth muscle
aging and, 116, 348, 348t
n atrophy of, 116
Calories burned by, 217
n cancer in, 115
ciliary, 276, 276t, 277, 277f, 280
of colon, 206
as effectors, 80f, 81f
of eye, 276, 276t, 277, 277f
fast (white), 107, 107f
glycogen storage in, 29, 63
in homeostasis, 80, 80f, 81f
hormones acting on, 298
hormones released by, 120, 300
intercostal, 178f, 182, 182f, 186f, 187f
lactate fermentation providing
energy for, 63, 63f
muscle tissue, 72, 72f, 76f
postural, 107
red (slow), 107, 107fCopyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).