HUMAN BIOLOGY

Index  I-33

in respiratory cycle, 182, 182f
sensory system interaction with,
267, 267f
slow (red), 107, 107f
synergistic, 107
white (fast), 107, 107f
Muscle cells, 43, 43f, 53, 72, 72f, 104,
104f, 107, 107f, 112, 112f
n Muscle cramps, 114
Muscle fatigue, 112, 113
Muscle fibers, 72, 72f, 104, 106, 106f,
107, 107f, 108, 108f, 110, 110f,
112–113, 113f
Muscle sheath, 246, 247f
n Muscle spasms, 114
Muscle spindles, 246, 247f, 267, 267f
Muscle tension, 112, 113f, 116
n Muscle tics, 114
Muscle tissue, 72, 72f, 76, 76f, 85t, 104,
104f. See also Cardiac muscle;
Skeletal muscle; Smooth muscle
striation of, 72, 104, 108
Muscle tone, 112
n Muscle twitches, 112, 113f, 114
n Muscular dystrophies, 114–115, 114f,
395, 401t
Muscular system, 105f. See also
Skeletal muscle
aging and, 116, 348, 348t
cardiovascular system interaction,
117, 131, 131f, 137
definition of, 104
digestive system interaction, 117, 211
n diseases and disorders of, 114–115,
114f, 115f, 395, 401t
endocrine system interaction, 117,
286, 296, 297f, 301, 342
in homeostasis, 11, 11f, 117
immune system interaction, 117
integumentary system
interaction, 117
lymphatic system interaction, 117
nervous system interaction, 110–111,
110f, 111f, 112, 113f, 114, 115,
117, 128, 240, 244, 244f, 246–247,
247f, 248f, 250–251, 250f, 254,
254f, 255f, 258, 261
overview of, 76, 77f
reflexes, 246–247, 247f
reproductive system interaction, 117
respiratory system interaction, 117,
178f, 182, 182f, 191, 261
sensory system interaction, 117, 267,
267f, 268, 277, 277f
skeletal system interaction, 100, 117
urinary system interaction, 117, 235
Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria,
190, 190f
Myelin sheath, 246, 246f, 251, 259
Myelo- (prefix), 431f
Myeloid stem cells, 142, 143f
Myo- (prefix), 431f

n Myocardial infarction (MI; heart

attack), 121, 129, 134–135, 140

n Myocarditis, 136

Myocardium, 124, 124f. See also

Cardiac muscle

Myofibrils, 106, 106f, 108, 108f, 110,

110f, 116

Myoglobin, 107, 107f, 116

Myometrium, 306, 307f

n Myopathy, 114–115, 114f, 115f

n Myopia (nearsightedness), 280,

280f, 281

Myosin, 53, 108–109, 108f, 109f,

110, 111f

n Myotonic muscular dystrophy, 115

N

NAD+, 61, 62f

NADH, 61–62, 61f, 62f

Nails, 78

Nanobes, 455, 455f

Nanoparticles, 66

Nasal cavity/nasal passages

olfactory receptors in, 270–271, 271f

in respiratory system, 178, 178f

sinuses and, 92–93, 92f–93f

Nasal septum, 92

Nash, John, 400, 400f

National Academy of Sciences, 430

National Cancer Institute, 435

National Heart, Lung, and Blood

Institute, 129, 129t, 149,

149t, 153

National Institutes of Health, 322

National Keratoconus Foundation, 167

National Kidney Foundation, 234

n Natural gas, as energy source, 484f

Natural killer (NK) cells, 166, 169,

429, 435

Natural selection, 440, 442, 443

n Natural world. See also Ecosystem(s);

Environment

n elements in, 16–17, 16f

n organization of, 4, 4f–5f

n scientific research on, 6–7, 6f, 7f, 9

Nausea, in lactose intolerance, 209

Navel (umbilicus), 341f, 342

n NBDs (neurobiological disorders),

400, 400f

Neanderthals (Homo neanderthalensis),

449, 449f, 452, 453, 453f

n Nearsightedness (myopia), 280,

280f, 281

Neck, bones of, 93, 93f. See also Spinal

cord; Throat

Negative feedback loop

ADH release inhibited by,

230–231, 231f

for cortisol, 296, 297f

in digestive system, 207

in homeostasis, 81, 81f, 82–83, 82f,

83t, 89

hormonal control through, 286, 294,

313, 313f

norepinephrine production, 296

red blood cell count maintained by,

144, 145, 145f

in respiratory cycle, 186

in thrombin regulation, 154

Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacteria, 320f, 321

n Nembutal, 260

Neon, 18f

Neonates (newborns)

n chlamydia infection in, 320

as development stage, 347, 347t

female, oocytes in, 308

hemolytic disease of, 148

immune system and, 165

number of cells in, 353

nursing in, 343, 343f

skull of, 96

n Neoplasm, 426, 426f. See also

Tumor(s)

n Nephritis, 234

Nephrons, 226–227, 227f

urine formation in, 228–229, 228f,

229t, 230–231, 230f, 231f, 232

Nerve(s). See also Nervous system;

Neuron(s)

afferent, 248, 248f

auditory, 272f–273f, 273

autonomic, 248, 248f, 250–251, 250f

in bone, 88

cervical, 249f

cranial, 248, 249f, 250, 250f

efferent, 248, 248f

free endings, 79, 266, 266f, 268, 269f

lumbar, 249f

olfactory, 249f

optic, 249f, 250f, 276f, 276t, 277, 279,

279f, 281

parasympathetic, 248f, 250–251, 250f

n pinched, 248

sacral, 249f

sciatic, 249f

somatic, 248, 248f, 250

spinal, 248, 249f, 250, 250f

structure and function of, 246,

246f, 246t

sympathetic, 248f, 250–251, 250f, 251f

thoracic, 249f

ulnar, 249f

vagus, 250f

vestibular, 274, 274f

Nerve cells, 25, 43f, 73

Nerve endings, free, 79, 266, 266f,

268, 269f

Nerve fiber, 246, 246t

Nerve growth factors, research on, 258

Nerve impulses, 73, 110–111, 110f,

111f, 112, 240–241, 241f,

242–243, 242f–243f, 266–267,

266f, 267f. See also Action

potentials

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