HUMAN BIOLOGY

Index  I-35

Nucleotide(s)
ATP as, 58
in DNA, 404–405, 404f, 405f,
406–407, 406f, 407f, 415, 416
functional groups in, 26f
in human genome, 416
and origin of life, 454
in PCR (polymerase chain reaction),
415, 415f
in RNA, 408–409, 408f–409f, 409t
structure and function of, 36, 36f
Nucleotide sequence of DNA, 405,
405f, 406–407, 406f, 407f, 416
Nucleus, atomic, 16, 16f
Nucleus, of cell, 42, 42f, 42t
cancer cell, 427
division during cell reproduction,
356f, 358, 359f, 362, 364–365,
364f–365f, 368f–369f
structure and function of, 44f, 44t,
48–49, 48f, 49f
Nutrients. See also Food
absorption in digestive system, 197,
201, 201f, 204
absorption into blood, 127, 130, 131,
132–133, 132f, 133f, 196, 197,
201, 201f, 204, 205f, 211
n and anemia, 152
n biogeochemical cycles and,
465–468, 465f–468f
for bone formation, 88
n deficiency, and anemias, 152
n ecosystem cycling of, 460, 462–463,
462f, 463f
prenatal exchange of, 340
n in soil, loss of, 483
vitamins and minerals as, 214–215,
214t, 215t
Nutrition
guidelines for, 212–213, 213f
n human nutritional requirements,
212–213, 213f
and prenatal development, 344–345
Nutritional genomics, 222
n Nuts, in nutrition, 40

O
n Obesity
n and bone health, 98
n and cancer risk, 324, 435
n and cardiovascular risk, 129t, 131,
134, 135t
n definition of, 216, 216t
n and diabetes risk, 299
n genetic vs. environmental risk
factors in, 381
n health effects of, 218
n and joint problems, 93
n and liver disease, 208
n respiratory problems in, 189
n surgical treatment of, 218, 218f

Objectivity, in science, 8–9

Observation, in scientific method, 6

Occipital bone, 92, 92f–93f

Occipital lobe, 254, 254f, 255

n Ocean

n carbon cycle and, 466, 466f–467f

n currents, 465, 466, 467f

n waste dumping in, 480, 481, 481f

n Off-road recreational vehicles, 470

n Ogallala aquifer, 480

n OI (osteogenesis imperfecta), 99, 99f

Oil(s), 30, 31f, 212, 212t

n Oil (petroleum) as energy source,

484, 484f

Oil (sebaceous) glands, 69, 78, 78f,

79, 348

Old age. See Aging

Old world monkeys, 450f

Oleic acid, 30f

Olfaction, 255, 255f, 270–271, 271f

Olfactory bulbs, 270, 271f

Olfactory epithelium, 270, 271f

Olfactory nerve, 249f

Olfactory nerve tract, 255f, 271

Olfactory receptors, 270–271, 271f

Oligodendrocytes, 246, 248

Oligosaccharides, 28–29, 156

Olive oil, as antioxidant, 213

Omega-3 fatty acids, 212t

Omega-6 fatty acids, 212t

Omnivores, 451, 462

Oncogene, 428, 429, 429f, 436t

1000 Genome Project, 424

On the Origin of Species (Darwin), 442

Oocytes. See also Eggs; Gametes

development of, 308–309, 308f, 309f

n donation of, 326

fertilization of, 314–315, 314f, 315f

n infertility and, 318–319, 318f, 319f

meiosis in, 308–309, 308f, 315f,

362–363, 363f

primary, 308, 308f, 362–363,

363f, 370

protein synthesis in, 412

reproductive role of, 306–307, 307f,

308–309, 308f

secondary, 308, 308f, 314, 315, 315f,

363, 363f

Oogenesis, 362–363, 363f, 370

Oogonium, 363f

Opinion, vs. fact, 8, 8t

Opium, 260

Opposable thumb (human evolution),

450–451

Opposing interaction, of hormones, 286

Opsin, 278, 395

Optic chiasm, 252f

Optic disk (“blind spot”), 276f, 277

Optic nerves, 249f, 250f, 276f, 276t, 277,

279, 279f, 281

Oral cavity. See Mouth

n Oral contraceptives, 316t, 317, 317f

Orangutans, 450f

Orbitals, 18, 18f

Order (classification), 450t

Organ(s). See also Organ systems;

specific organs

aging and, 348–349

blood circulation to, 126–127, 127f

connective tissue wrapping, 70,

70f–71f

definition of, 76, 76f

n donation/transplantation of, 155,

155f, 166–167, 233, 236, 238

in homeostasis, 80

as level of biological organization,

4, 4f–5f

lymphoid, 158f, 159

maturation of, in prenatal

development, 340

nervous system interaction with,

250, 250f

prenatal development of, 330t, 331,

331f, 335

skeletal system protection of, 93

stem cells repair of, 67

Organelles, 42, 42f, 44, 44f, 44t, 52

Organic compounds

chemical processing of, 27, 27f, 27t

definition of, 26

energy from, 52

functional groups in, 26, 26f, 27f

types of, 26, 39t

Organic molecules

origin of, 454–455, 455f

types of, 39t

Organism, as level of organization, 4,

4f–5f

Organization

n biological levels of, 4, 4f–5f

n of ecosystems, 4, 5f

of proteins, 33–35, 33f, 34f, 35t

Organ of Corti, 272–273, 272f–273f

Organ systems. See also specific systems

definition of, 76

homeostasis role of, 80–81, 100

as level of biological organization,

4, 4f–5f

maturation of, in prenatal

development, 340

overview of, 76, 77f

prenatal development of, 335

skin as, 78–79, 78f

Orgasm, 314

Origin (skeletal muscle attachment),

106, 107f

Origin of life, 454–455, 454f, 455f

Osmoreceptors, 266

Osmosis, 54–55, 55f

in digestive tract, 57, 204, 206

in kidney filtration, 229, 230

Osteo- (prefix), 431f

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