I-36 Index
n Osteoarthritis, 87, 98, 195, 216, 348
Osteoblasts, 88–89, 89f, 98f
Osteoclasts, 89, 295, 295f
Osteocytes, 70f–71f, 88, 88f
n Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), 99, 99f
Osteon (Haversian system), 88, 88f
Osteons, 102
n Osteoporosis, 98, 98f, 209, 218, 348
n Osteosarcoma, 99
n Otitis media, 275
Otolith organ, 274, 274f
Otoliths, 274–275, 274f
Outer ear, 272, 272f–273f
Output zone, of neuron, 240, 241f,
244, 244f
Oval window, 272, 272f–273f
n Ovarian cancer, 325, 326, 328, 419,
431f, 432, 432t
Ovarian cycle, 308–309, 308f, 309f, 328
Ovary(ies), 300f
n cancer of, 325, 326, 328, 419, 431f,
432, 432t
development of, 388, 388f
in endocrine system, 287f, 292t
hormone production in, 287f, 288,
292t, 300, 300f
hormones acting on, 290t, 291, 291f
n referred pain from, 269f
reproductive role of, 306–307, 306f,
307f, 308–309, 308f, 309f,
309t, 315f
Overpopulation
and disease, 11
n environmental impact of, 474
Overweight, definition of, 216, 216t.
See also Obesity
Oviduct (fallopian tube), 306, 306f, 307,
307f, 308, 314, 315, 315f, 321,
330, 332
Ovulation, 307, 308–309, 308f, 309f,
309t, 315f, 316, 316f, 318, 370
Ovum, 315
Oxidation
definition of, 20
and free radicals, 23
Oxides, 476
OxyContin, 260
Oxygen
atomic structure of, 18f, 19
in ATP production, 52, 60, 60f, 61,
61f, 62, 62f, 112, 112f
and blood–brain barrier, 253
blood transport of, 34, 34f, 126–127,
126f, 144, 144f, 180, 181,
184–185, 185f
bonding of, 19
in carbohydrates, 28, 28f
carbon cycle and, 483
cell membrane permeability and,
47, 47f
chemoreceptor response to,
186–187, 187f
early atmosphere and, 454
as element, 16, 16f
exchange with carbon dioxide, 126,
126f, 130, 180–181, 180f, 181f,
184–185, 184f, 185f, 225, 225f,
337, 337f, 340–341, 341f, 342
hemoglobin binding and transport
of, 34, 34f, 143, 144, 144f, 152,
154, 181, 181f, 184–185
molecular, 20, 21f
partial pressure of, 180, 180f
and water cycle, 465
n Oxygen debt, during exercise,
112, 113
Oxyhemoglobin, 144, 184, 185f
Oxytocin, 81, 286, 287f, 288t, 290–291,
290f, 290t, 342, 343, 343f
Ozone, 477, 478
n Ozone layer, thinning of, 477,
477f, 477tP
Pääbo, Svante, 453f
n Pacemaker (device), 128
Pacemaker, respiratory, 186
Pacemaker cells (heart), 128
Pacinian corpuscles, 268, 269f
n Pain. See also Nociceptors
perception of, 245, 259, 268–269
n phantom, in amputated
limb, 269
n referred, 269, 269f
n Pain medications
analgesics, 260
for headache, 259
n and kidney damage, 234
narcotic, 260
Palate
hard, 92f, 93, 198, 199f
soft, 179
Palatine bone, 92f–93f, 93
Paleoanthropologists, 458
Paleontology, 95
Pancreas, 127f, 196f, 203f
aging and, 349
n artificial, 304
n cancer of, 188f, 431f
cells, 53f
n diabetes and, 171
in digestion, 202, 204, 205f, 207,
207f, 207t
n disorders of, 209
in endocrine system, 287f, 292t
enzyme production, 50, 202, 204,
205f, 205t, 207, 207f, 207t, 209
hormones acting on, 286, 300
n malabsorption disorders and, 209
structure and function of, 50, 202,
202f, 298, 298f
Pancreatic amylase, 205t
Pancreatic hormones, 292t, 298, 298f
Pancreatic islet, 292t, 298Pancreatic juices, 202, 204
Pancreatic nucleases, 205t
n Pandemics, 173
n Pangea, 445, 445f
n Pap smear, 322, 324, 325, 432t
n Paralysis, 258
spastic, 115
treatment of, 73
Paranasal sinuses, 178
n Paranoia, in schizophrenia, 259
n Parasites, 10, 350, 463f
n defenses against, 157
n immune system response to, 165
n overcrowding and, 474
n STDs caused by, 323, 323f
Parasympathetic nerves, 248f,
250–251, 250f
Parathyroid glands, 287f, 292t,
294–295, 295f
Parathyroid hormone (PTH), 89, 287f,
288t, 292t, 294–295, 295f
Parent cells, 354–355, 356f, 357,
358, 359f, 360, 360f, 362, 364,
364f–365f, 368
Parent strand of DNA, 406, 406f
Parietal bone, 92, 92f–93f
Parietal lobe, 254, 254f, 255
n Parkinson’s disease, 73, 258, 258f, 259
Parotid duct, 69f
Parotid gland, 69f, 198, 198f
Partial pressure, 180, 180f
Passive immunity, 168–169
Passive transport, 54, 56, 56f, 240, 241f
Patella (kneecap), 91f, 95, 95f, 98f, 101,
260, 260f
Patellar reflex, 262, 262f
n Paternity lawsuits, blood type
testing in, 383
Pathogens, 10–11, 10f. See also Bacteria;
Fungus; Parasites; Protozoans;
Virus(es)
adaptive immune response to,
156–157, 156t, 162–167,
162f–167f, 172
cell-mediated immune response to,
166–167, 166f
defenses against, 156–157
in digestive system, 210, 210f
innate immune response to, 156–157,
156t, 160–161, 160f, 161f
methods of transmission, 173, 173f
reservoirs of, 11
in respiratory system, 190, 190f
in vaccines, 168
virulence of, 173
n PCR (polymerase chain reaction),
415, 415f
n PDDs (persistent developmental
disorders), 259
n Peanut allergies, 170
n Peat, 466, 466f–467f
Pectoral girdle, 91f, 94, 94fCopyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).