HUMAN BIOLOGY

Index  I-37

Pectoralis major, 105f
Pedigree (genetic), 390, 390f, 391,
391f, 394f
Pelvic cavity, organs in, 76, 76f. See also
specific organs
Pelvic examination, 432t
Pelvic girdle, 91f, 94–95, 95f, 311f, 451
n Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID),
320–321
Pelvis, 95, 95f
Pelvis, renal, 226, 226f, 233
Penetrance (genetic), 380
Penicillin, 11, 11f, 190, 321
Penis, 307, 310f, 310t, 311, 312f, 314,
321, 321f, 388f
Pepsinogens, 200, 207f
Pepsins, 200, 204, 205t
n Peptic ulcers, 200, 210, 210f
Peptidases, 204
Peptide bonds, 33, 33f, 412, 412f
Peptide hormones, 288–289, 288t, 289f
Perception
definition of, 266
vs. sensation, 266
Peregrine falcon, 487, 487f
Perforins, 166, 166f
n Performance enhancement drugs,
120, 145
Pericardium, 124, 124f
n Periodontal disease, 210
Periodontal membrane, 198f, 210
n Periodontitis, 176
Periosteum (membrane), 88
Peripheral nervous system, 248, 248f,
249f, 250–251, 250f, 251f
Peripheral vasoconstriction, 82f, 83t
Peripheral vasodilation, 82–83, 82f, 83t
Peristalsis, 199, 199f, 200, 200f, 204,
206, 207, 207f, 210
n Peritoneal dialysis, 233f
Peritoneum, 334f
Peritubular capillaries, 227, 227f, 228f,
229, 230, 232, 232f
Perkins, Kelly, 155, 155f, 167
n Permanent wave solution, 35, 35f
Permeability. See Selective
permeability
Permissive interaction, of
hormones, 286
n Pernicious anemia, 152, 157t
Peroxisomes, 44t, 51
n Persistent developmental disorders
(PDDs), 259
Personality, brain centers of, 255
Personality Project, 382
n Pertussis vaccination, 168t
n Pesticides
n benefits of, 37
n as carcinogen, 429, 435
n crossing of placenta by, 337
n in environment, 430, 430f, 480, 482
n on food, 37, 37f, 430

n health effects of, 37

n and neurological damage, 258

n PET (Positron Emission Tomography)

scan, 17, 17f, 254, 254f, 258f,

259, 264, 264f, 361, 432

n Petroleum, as energy source, 484, 484f

p53 gene, 428, 432

PGAL (phosphoglyceraldehyde), 60, 60f

pH. See also Acid(s); Acid-base balance;

Base(s)

of blood, 24, 24f, 25, 184–185,

186–187, 187f, 194, 232, 232f

buffers, 25, 185, 232, 232f

of cerebrospinal fluid, 186, 187f

effect on hemoglobin, 144

and enzyme function, 59

of extracellular fluid (ECF), 24

gas exchange and, 185, 186–187, 187f

and homeostasis, 24, 25, 185, 229,

232, 232f, 232t

hydrogen ions’ role in determining,

24–25, 24f

of mouth, 198

and proteins, denaturation of, 35

scale for, 24, 24f

of small intestine, 200

of stomach, 200

testing of, 38

of urine, 160

vaginal, 160, 311, 323, 328

Phagocytes, 151, 164, 188. See also

Macrophages

Langerhans cells as, 79

red blood cell removal by, 145

role in immune system, 157, 157f,

160, 161, 161f

Phagocytosis, 57, 134, 160, 161, 161f

Phalanges, 91f, 94, 94f, 95, 95f

n Phantom pain, 269

Pharmacogenetics, 396, 396f, 402

Pharyngeal arches, 334, 334f, 338f–339f

Pharynx, 178, 178f, 196f, 197,

198–199, 199f

Phenotype

n environmental factors

affecting, 381

gender impact on, 389, 389f

gene expression impact on, 378–379,

378f, 379f, 380–381, 380f, 381f

gene interactions impact on,

380–381, 380f, 381f

n genetic disorder impact on,

398–399, 399f

probability of inheriting, 376–377,

376f, 377f

variations in, 374, 374t, 441, 441f

Phenylalanine, 213, 213f, 392, 410f

n Phenylketonuria (PKU), 392, 401t

Phenylpyruvic acid, 392

Pheromones, 270–271, 286, 286t

n Philadelphia chromosome, 397, 397f

Phosphate, 232, 232f, 294

Phosphate group, 26f, 31

in ATP, 58, 58f

in cellular respiration, 60–61, 60f, 61f

in DNA, 404, 404f, 405f

in muscle contraction, 109, 109f

in nucleotides, 36, 36f

in RNA, 408

Phospholipids, 31, 31f, 43, 43f, 46, 46f

functional groups in, 26f

Phosphoric acid, 225

Phosphorous cycle, 467

Phosphorus, 16, 16f, 30–31, 90, 90t,

215t, 465, 482

Phosphorylation, 60

n Photochemical smog, 476, 476f,

477, 477t

Photoreceptors, 266, 276–277, 276t,

278–279, 278f, 278t, 279f

n Photosynthesis

and carbon cycle, 466, 466f–467f, 478

and energy flow in ecosystems,

4, 5f

n Photovoltaic cells, 485, 485f

Phrenic nerve, 186f

Phthalates, 297

Phylum (classification), 450t

Physical activity. See Exercise

Physical injuries. See Injuries

n Physical therapy

for spinal cord injury, 252

for stroke, 151

Physiological traits, 441. See

also Phenotype

Physiology, defined, 67

Phytochemicals/phytonutrients, 15, 23,

38, 40, 206, 215

Phytoplankton, 464, 477, 477t, 478

Pia mater, 252, 253, 253f. See also

Meninges

n PID (pelvic inflammatory disease),

320–321

Pigments, 78f, 79. See also Color;

Melanin

eye color and, 380, 380f

human skin color and, 79, 79f, 373,

380, 380f

visual, 15, 278, 278f, 395

Pilomotor response, 83, 83t

n Pinched nerve, 248

Pineal gland, 252f, 287f, 292t, 300

Pineal hormones, 287f, 300

Pinna, 272f–273f

Pitch, of sound, 272f, 273

n Pituitary dwarfism, 293, 293f

Pituitary gland, 290–291, 290f,

290t, 291f

anterior lobe, 287f, 290, 290t, 291,

291f, 293, 294f, 296, 297f, 308,

309f, 313, 313f, 343

in endocrine system, 287f, 290–291,

290f, 291f

in labor and delivery, 342

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