I-38 Index
posterior lobe, 287f, 290–291, 290f,
290t, 304
reproductive role of, 285, 307, 308,
309f, 313, 313f, 318
Pituitary hormones, 287f, 290–291,
290f, 290t, 291f, 304
Pituitary stalk, 291
n Pituitary tumor, 293, 295
n PKU (phenylketonuria), 392, 401t
Placenta, 165, 336–337, 337f, 340, 340f,
341, 341f, 342, 342f, 345
Plant(s). See also Agriculture; Fruit(s)
n agricultural chemicals and, 37, 37f
n in biogeochemical cycles, 465f,
466, 466f–467f
n biogeographic distribution of, 445
n carcinogens produced by, 429
cellulose in, 29, 29f
classification of, 3, 3f
n fuel from, 485
n genetically modified, 169, 420,
420f, 421, 422
glucose storage in, 29, 29f
n habitats of, 460, 461f
in nitrogen cycle, 468, 468f
n photosynthesis by, 4, 5f, 466,
466f–467f, 478
n role in ecosystems, 462, 462f, 463f,
464, 464f
n as source of medicine, 486
Plaque
n atherosclerotic, 134, 134f, 349
n beta amyloid, 349, 349f, 352
Plasma, blood, 71, 71f, 80, 142, 142f,
184–185, 202f, 203, 224, 224f
Plasma cells, 162, 164, 170f
Plasma membrane (cell membrane),
46–47
active transport through, 56, 56f, 229
of cancer cell, 427
cholera and, 57
diffusion through, 54–55, 54f, 55f,
56, 56f
lipid bilayer of. See Lipid bilayer
lipids in, 46–47, 46f, 47f
as “mosaic,” 46
of neurons, 240–241, 241f, 242–243,
242f–243f
origin of, 454
passive transport through, 54, 56,
56f, 240, 241f
pores (membrane feature), 48,
48f, 49f
pores (perforations) in, 160, 160f, 166
proteins in, 46, 46f, 48, 49f
selective permeability of, 47, 47f,
54–55, 54f, 56–57, 56f, 57f
structure and function of, 42, 42f,
42t, 43, 43f, 44f, 46–47, 46f, 47f
Plasma proteins, 142, 142f, 161
Plasmids, 414–415, 414f, 420
n Plastic, as pollutant, 481
Platelets, 71, 71f, 142, 142f, 143,
150, 150f
normal levels of, 149t
n Plate tectonics, 445, 445f
Platypus, 445
Pleiotropy, 378–379
Pleura(e), 178f, 179
Pleural membrane, 178f, 179
Pleural sac, 179, 182–183
Pluripotent stem cells, 142, 143f
n PMS (premenstrual syndrome), 328
n Pneumococcal vaccination, 168t
n Pneumonia, 172, 173, 173t, 190, 190f
n Pneumonic plague, 474
n Pneumothorax (collapsed
lung), 183
n Point source (of pollution), 475
Poisons. See Pollutants; Toxins
Polar bodies, 308, 308f, 332f, 363, 363f
Polar covalent bonds, 21, 21f, 21t
Polarity
of molecules, 20–21, 21f, 21t
of water, 21, 21f, 22, 22f
n Polio vaccine, 168, 168t
n Poliovirus, 168
Pollen allergies, 170, 189, 192f
n Pollutants
n agricultural runoff, 480
n air, 188, 192, 192f, 476–477, 476f,
477f, 481, 484
n chemical, 63, 429, 430, 430t
defined, 475
n health impacts of, 429, 430, 430t
n human activities creating, 475
n nonpoint source of, 475
n point source of, 475
n from solid waste disposal,
481, 481f
n water, 37, 63, 63f, 480, 481, 481f,
484, 486
n Polycystic kidney disease, 233, 233f
n Polydactyly, 380, 380f, 390f, 401t
Polygenic traits, 380–381, 380f, 381f
Polymerase(s), 406, 415, 415f
n Polymerase chain reaction (PCR),
415, 415f
Polymers, 27
n Polyp, on colon wall, 209, 209f
Polypeptide chains
amino acids in, 33, 33f
genetic coding for, 405
in protein structure, 34, 34f, 50
synthesis of, 410, 410f, 411, 411f,
412–413, 412f, 413f (See also
Protein synthesis)
n Polyploidy, 398
Polysaccharides, 29, 29f, 70, 205f,
205t, 212
Polysomes, 412, 413f
Polyunsaturated fatty acids, 212, 212t
Pons, 186f, 252, 252f, 256fPopulation(s)
adaptive radiation of, 449, 449f
age structure of, 473, 473f
controls on growth of, 474, 474f
defined, 441
demographics, 473, 473f
genetic drift in, 442, 443
genetic variations in, 441, 441f
growth of human, 472–474,
472f–474f
n habitats of, 460, 461f
n and land use, 482–483, 482f, 483f
as level of biological organization,
4, 4f–5f
natural selection in, 440, 442, 443
total fertility rate and, 472
Population density, 473
Pores
in capillary walls, 132, 132f
nuclear, 48–49, 48f, 49f
in plasma membrane (perforation),
160, 160f, 166
in plasma membrane (structural
feature), 48, 48f, 49f
n Porphyria, 86, 86f
Porpoises, 446, 446f
Positive feedback loop, 81
breast milk production and, 343, 343f
in childbirth, 81
nerve impulses and, 242
n Positron Emission Tomography
(PET) scan, 17, 17f, 254, 254f,
258f, 259, 264, 264f, 361, 432
Posterior pituitary lobe, 287f, 290–291,
290f, 290t, 304
Postganglionic neurons, 250
Postnatal development, 347, 347f, 347t
Postsynaptic cells, 244
Postural muscles, 107
Potassium
n in diet, 129t, 214, 215t
in human body, 16, 16f
isotopes, 17
and muscle function, 114
Potassium ions
in extracellular fluid, 224, 225, 296
in neuron signaling, 240–241, 241f,
242–243, 242f–243f
urinary system processing of, 228f,
229, 232, 232f
Power plants
n coal-burning, 25f
n energy use by, 484f
n Fukushima Daiichi nuclear
plant, 485
n and pollution, 476, 480
n Prayer, research on, 14
Precapillary sphincters, 133, 133f
Precipitation
n acid rain, 4, 25, 25f, 476, 476f, 484
n global warming and, 479
n in water cycle, 465, 465fPituitary gland, continued
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