HUMAN BIOLOGY

Index  I-39

n Prediabetes, 299
Predictions, scientific, 6–7, 7f
Prefrontal cortex, 254f, 255, 257, 257f
Preganglionic neurons, 250
Pregnancy. See also Development;
Prenatal development
n assisted reproductive technology
and, 305, 318–319, 318f, 319f
and cardiovascular system, 131
n diet in, 344–345
drug use in, 345
n ectopic, 333, 352, 352f
n herpes infection and, 280
n HIV transmission in, 172
n home tests for, 169, 169f, 223, 333
n medical advice in, 352
n miscarriage, 344, 345, 350, 361
n Rh blood typing and, 148, 148f
sexual intercourse and, 314
and smoking, 188f
n STDs and, 321
n toxoplasmosis and, 350
weight gain in, 345
Prehensile hand movements,
450–451, 451f
n Preimplantation diagnosis, 346
n Premature birth, 37, 184, 340,
342–343, 345
n Premenstrual syndrome (PMS), 328
Premolars, 198, 198f
Premotor cortex, 254
Prenatal development. See also Birth;
Embryo(s); Fetus; Pregnancy
comparative, as evidence for
evolution, 446–447, 447f
n disorders of, 344–345, 344f, 345f
embryo implantation, 332–333,
332f, 333f
embryonic period, 330–339,
330f–339f, 330t
endocrine system role in, 347
extraembryonic membrane
formation in, 336, 336f, 337f
fetal period, 340–341, 340f, 341f
overview of, 330–331, 330f, 330t, 331f
retina formation in, 279
sex chromosomes and, 388, 388f
stages of, 347, 347t
Pressure
atmospheric, 180, 180f
blood. See Blood pressure
intrapulmonary, 182
sensory system response to, 131, 268
Pressure gradients, in respiration,
180–181, 180f, 182, 184–185, 185f
Presynaptic cells, 244
Primary consumers, 462, 463f, 464f
Primary immune response, 162, 162f
Primary motor cortex, 254, 254f, 255f
Primary oocytes, 308, 308f, 362–363,
363f, 370
Primary productivity, 464, 464f

Primary somatosensory cortex, 254f,

255. See also Somatosensory
     cortex
     Primary spermatocytes, 312, 312f,
     362, 363f
     Primary structure of protein, 33, 33f,
     34, 34f
     Primary succession, 460, 461f
     Primary tissues (germ layers), 330,
     330t, 331f, 334
     Primary visual cortex, 254f, 255. See
     also Visual cortex
     Primates
     classification of, 3
     evolution of, 447, 447f, 448, 450–451,
     450f, 452–453
     n Primers (in PCR), 415, 415f
     Primitive streak, 334, 334f
     Primordial Earth, 454, 454f
     n Principle of sustainability,
     486–487, 489
     Probability (in genetics). See also
     Punnett square
     n calculation of, 376–377, 376f, 377f
     factors affecting, 380–381, 380f, 381f
     in genetic analysis, 390, 391
     independent assortment and,
     376–377, 377f, 386
     Probiotic bacteria, 208
     Problem identification, in scientific
     method, 6
     Processes
     of bone cell, 88
     of neuron, 73
     n Producers (autotrophs), 4, 5f,
     462, 462f, 463f, 464, 464f,
     468, 468f, 478
     Product (of metabolic reaction), 59
     n Progeria, 401t, 406
     Progestational phase, of menstrual
     cycle, 307, 309t
     Progesterone, 287f, 288t, 292t, 296, 300,
     306–307, 308–309, 309f, 333, 336,
     343, 349
     n Progestin injections/implants,
     316t, 317
     Prokaryotic cells, 42, 42f, 42t
     Prolactin, 286, 287f, 288t, 290t,
     291, 291f
     Proliferating phase, of menstrual cycle,
     307, 309t
     Proline, 410f, 411
     Prometaphase, 358
     Prometea (cloned horse), 421f
     Promoter (in transcription), 408,
     408f–409f
     Pronation, 97f
     Proofreading of DNA, 407
     Prophase (mitosis), 356f, 358, 359f,
     368f–369f
     Prophase I (meiosis), 362, 363, 364,
     364f–365f, 366, 368f–369f, 370

Prophase II (meiosis), 362, 364f–365f,

365, 368f–369f

Prostaglandins, 161, 170, 268, 286, 286t,

311, 342

n Prostate, enlarged, 325

n Prostate cancer, 17, 37, 169, 325, 325f,

431f, 432, 432t

Prostate gland, 310f, 310t, 311,

312f, 314

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA), 432

blood test for, 325

Protease inhibitors, 172

Protection, as bone function, 90, 90t

Protein(s), 32–33, 39t. See also Enzymes

adhesion, 335

amino acids in, 32–33, 32f, 33f, 34,

410, 410f, 411, 411f, 412, 412f,

448, 448f

n amyloid, 258

animal, 213

as antigens, 156

ATP production using, 59

as biological molecule, 26

in blood, and immune response, 161

in blood clotting, 394–395

in bone formation, 88

in cell junctions, 74

channel, 240, 241f, 242–243,

242f–243f

in chromosomes, 354, 354f

complement, 160–161, 161f, 164, 165,

165t, 171

connective tissue secretion of, 70

contractile, 360

C-reactive, 135, 135t

defense, 32t

denaturation of, 35, 35f

digestion of, 196f, 200, 202, 204, 205f,

205t, 225, 233

as energy source, 63

fibrous, 34

functional groups in, 26, 26f

globular, 34

glycoproteins, 34

HER2, 169

lipoproteins, 34–35, 142 (See also

HDLs; LDLs)

metabolism of, 63

movement of, 32t

in muscle cells, 108, 108f, 110, 111f

in nuclear envelope, 48, 49f

n nutritional recommendations on,

213, 213f

pH effect on, 24

plant, 213

plasma, 142, 142f, 161

in plasma membranes, 46, 46f, 48, 49f

primordial origin of, 455, 455f

receptor, 32t, 46, 46f, 48, 244, 244f

recognition, 46, 46f

regulatory, 32, 32t, 409, 428

REST, 352

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