HUMAN BIOLOGY

I-40 Index 

structural, 32, 32t, 70, 348
structure of, 33–35, 33f, 34f
structure of, as evidence of
evolution, 448, 448f
tau, 349
transport, 32, 32t, 46, 46f, 47, 48,
56, 56f, 57, 204, 229, 240, 241f,
245, 253
types of, 32, 32t, 39t
visual pigments, 278, 278f
Protein hormones, 288, 288t
Protein synthesis, 33, 33f, 408–413,
408f–413f. See also Transcription;
Translation
cell organelles and, 44
and endomembrane system, 49, 50
endoplasmic reticulum and, 50
genes and, 374, 378 (See also Gene(s),
expression of)
genetic mutation and, 406–407, 407f
Golgi bodies and, 50–51
liver in, 202f, 203
proto-oncogenes and, 428
ribosomes and, 49
RNA in, 406–407, 407f, 408–409,
408f–409f, 410, 410f, 411, 411f
Prothrombin, 150f
Protists, 3, 3f
Protons, 16, 16f, 17, 18f
Proto-oncogenes, 428–429
Protozoans, 152, 166, 210, 210f, 323
Proximal tubule, 227, 227f, 228f, 229,
230, 231f, 238
PSA (prostate-specific antigen), 432
blood test for, 325
Pseudomonas protozoan, 210
Pseudopodia, of cancer cells,
427, 427f
Pseudostratified epithelium, 68, 69t
n Psychiatric disorders, 259
Psychoactive substances, 260
n Psychological drug dependence, 260
PTH (parathyroid hormone), 89, 287f,
288t, 292t, 294–295, 295f
n PT test, 149t
Puberty, 296, 300, 347, 347t
Pubic arch, 95
n Pubic lice, 323, 323f
Pubic symphysis, 95f
Public health agencies, 326
Pulmonary arteries, 122f, 124, 124f,
125, 125f, 126, 126f, 185f
Pulmonary capillary, 178f, 184,
184f, 185f
Pulmonary circuit, 126, 126f, 127, 127f
Pulmonary surfactant, 184
Pulmonary trunk, 126f
Pulmonary valve, 124, 124f, 125
Pulmonary veins, 122f, 124f, 126, 126f,
127f, 185f
Pulp (spleen tissue), 159

Pulp and pulp cavity (tooth), 198, 198f

Pulse, 130, 138

n Punnett square, 376, 376f, 377,

377f, 379f

Pupil (eye), 276, 276f, 276t

Purkinje fibers, 128, 128f

P wave, 135f

n Pyelonephritis, 234

Pyloric sphincter, 200, 200f

Pyruvate molecules, 60, 60f, 61,

62f, 63

Pythons, vestigial body parts of,

447, 447f

Q

QRS wave complex, 135f

Quadriceps femoris, 105f, 260, 260f

Quantitative hCG test, 149t

Quaternary structure of proteins,

34, 34f

Questions, in scientific method, 6

Quinine, 271

Quinoa, 213

R

RA. See Rheumatoid arthritis

n Rabies, 168, 173

Races, evolutionary basis of, 453

Radial artery, 138

Radiation

n and aplastic anemia, 152

n cancer caused by, 190, 361, 429,

429f, 436t

n cell reproduction affected by,

361, 361f

n DNA damage from, 361, 406,

429, 430

sources of, 361, 361f

n therapy, 115, 325, 325f, 328, 361,

434–435, 434f

ultraviolet, 23, 79, 79f, 406, 429, 430,

477, 477f

Radiation-resistance microbes, 361

n Radiation therapy, for cancer, 115,

325, 325f, 328, 361, 434–435, 434f

n Radical mastectomy, 324

Radioactive isotopes (radioisotopes),

17, 17f, 430t, 432, 433f, 434

n Radioactive wastes, 480, 485

n Radioactivity, 17

Radioisotopes (radioactive isotopes),

17, 17f, 430t, 432, 433f, 434

n Radiometric dating, 17, 445

Radiotherapy. See Radiation therapy,

for cancer

n Radio waves, and cancer, 258

Radio waves, ionization by, 361

Radius (arm bone), 91f, 94, 94f

n Radon gas, 361, 361f, 429

n Raptures of the deep (the

bends), 181f

RAS (reticular activating system), 256

n Rashes, 170, 170f, 321

Rats, as disease vector, 474

Raw materials

cycling of, 4, 5f, 462–463, 462f, 463f

(See also Resources)

use of by living organisms, 2, 2f (See

also Nutrition)

Reabsorption (in kidneys), 228–229,

228f, 229t

Reactants, 19f, 59

Reaction products, 19f

Rearrangement, alteration of organic

compounds by, 27t

Receptor(s)

chemoreceptors, 186–187, 187f, 266,

270–271, 270f, 271f

encapsulated, 266, 266f, 268, 269f

of hormone, 288, 289f

mechanoreceptors, 266, 267, 268,

269f, 272–273, 343

nociceptors, 266, 268

olfactory, 270–271, 271f

osmoreceptors, 266

photoreceptors, 266, 276–277, 276t,

278–279, 278f, 278t, 279f

sensory, 80–81, 80f, 81f, 131, 207,

207f, 266–267, 266f, 267f

stretch, 207, 207f, 260, 267,

267f, 268

taste, 270, 270f

thermoreceptors, 82f, 83, 266

Receptor proteins, 32t, 46, 46f, 48,

244, 244f

Recessive alleles

on autosomes, 392, 392f

n genetic disorders and, 391, 392,

392f, 394–395, 394f, 401t

origin and effects of, 375, 375f

and phenotype, 374, 374t

probability calculations for, 376–377,

376f, 377f

in sex chromosomes, 394–395, 394f,

395f, 401t

in X-linked disorders, 394–395, 394f,

395f, 401t

Reciprocal innervation, 106

Recognition proteins, 46, 46f

n Recombinant DNA technology, 346,

414–415, 414f, 415f, 420, 420f

n Recombinant human growth

hormone (rhGH), 293

n Recreational drugs, 11f, 135, 136, 234,

260, 264, 323, 337

n Rectal examination, 432t

Rectum, 196f, 206, 206f

Rectus abdominis, 105f

n Recycling, 481, 481f

Red blood cells, 71f, 132f, 142f, 143. See

also Hemoglobin

cell count, 145, 149, 149t

damaged or dead, processing of,

202f, 203

Protein(s), continued

Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).