Index I-41n disorders of, 152–153, 152f (See also
Anemias; Hemophilia; Sickle-
cell anemia)
formation of, 90, 90t, 145, 145f, 152,
153, 154
microscopic views of, 45, 45f
oxygen transport by, 16, 34,
34f, 184
production of, 145, 152, 153, 226
in spleen, 159
stem cells replacing defective, 73
structure and function of, 142f, 143
tonicity and, 55, 55f
variations in blood types,
146–147, 146t
n Red–green color blindness, 280, 282,
282f, 395, 401t
Red (slow) muscle, 107, 107f
Red pulp (spleen tissue), 159
n Referred pain, 269, 269f
n Refined sugars, 212
Reflex(es), 252
autonomic, 251
baroreceptor, 131
definition of, 246
in fetus, 340, 340f
lactation as, 343
nervous system function and,
246–247, 247f, 251
spinal, 246, 247f, 251
stretch, 246, 247f
urination as, 229
Reflex arc, 246, 262, 262f
Regenerative medicine, 73
n Regulation (legal), of genetically
modified food, 420f
Regulatory proteins, 32, 32t, 409, 428
Releasers (hormone), 291
n Religion, and science, 14
REM (rapid eye movement) sleep, 256
Renal arteries, 122f, 126, 226f, 227f
Renal capsule, 226, 226f, 234
Renal cortex, 226, 226f, 228f, 230f
Renal medulla, 226, 226f, 228f,
230, 230f
Renal pelvis, 226, 226f, 233
Renal vein, 122f, 226f, 227f
n Renewable energy sources, 484–485,
484f, 485f, 489, 489f
n Renewable resources, 475
Renin, 226, 231, 231f
n Repetitive motion injuries, 94, 98
Replacement level (fertility), 472
Reproduction. See also Development;
Reproductive system
of cells. See Cell reproduction
as characteristic of living things, 2
definition of, 354
primordial development of, 455
Reproductive base, 473
n Reproductive cloning, 421
Reproductive isolation, 443
Reproductive system. See also
Development; entries
under Genital(s); Gonad(s);
Pregnancy; Sexual
agricultural chemicals and, 37
n assisted reproductive
technologies, 305, 318–319,
318f, 319f
n birth control, 316–317, 316t, 317f
n cancers of, 324–325, 324f, 325f
cardiovascular system interaction, 137
n disorders of, 307 (See also
infertility, below)
endocrine system interaction, 301,
306–307, 308–309, 311, 313, 313f,
342–343, 343f
enzymes role in, 309, 313, 315, 315f
female, 306–307, 306f, 307f
n infertility, 318–319, 318f, 319f,
320, 321
interaction with muscular
system, 117
male, 310–311, 310f, 310t, 311f, 312f
nervous system interaction with, 261
overview of, 77f
respiratory system interaction,
191, 211
sex chromosomes determining
gender, 388, 388f
skeletal system interaction with, 100
urinary system interaction, 235
Residual volume of air (in the lungs),
183, 183f
n Resistance to antibiotics, 11, 153, 173,
176, 190, 275, 284, 321
n Resources. See also Energy (fuel);
Raw materials
n ecological footprint and, 475, 475f
n high-yield agriculture and, 482
n land as, 482–483, 482f, 483f
n nonrenewable, 475
n population growth and, 472, 480,
482, 486
n renewable, 475
n water as, 480, 480f
Respiration (breathing)
control of, 186–187, 186f, 187f
core temperature and, 82
external phase of, 180f
fluid loss through, 225
gas exchange in, 126, 126f, 180–181,
180f, 181f, 184–185, 184f, 185f
n infant respiratory distress
syndrome, 184, 340
internal phase of, 180f, 184
solute absorbed and expelled
through, 225
Respiration, cellular, 60–62, 60f–62f,
112, 112f
Respiratory bronchioles, 178f, 179
Respiratory cycle, 182–183, 182f, 183f,
186–187, 186f, 187f, 251, 252, 342Respiratory membrane, 184, 184f
Respiratory surface, 180, 180f
Respiratory system, 178–179, 178f. See
also Lung(s); other entries under
Respiratory
aging impact on, 189, 348, 348t
n air pollution effect on, 192, 477
barriers to infection in, 160
breathing (respiratory cycle),
182–183, 182f, 183f, 186–187,
186f, 187f, 251, 252, 342
cardiovascular system interaction,
123, 123f, 137, 180, 191
digestive system interaction with,
191, 211
disease prevention in, 11f
n diseases and disorders of, 188–190,
188f, 189f, 190f
endocrine system interaction, 191
of fetus, 342
gas exchange in, 180–181, 180f, 181f,
184–185, 184f, 185f
in homeostasis, 186–187, 186f,
187f, 191
immune system interaction, 191
infections, 173t
lymphatic system interaction, 191
muscular system interaction, 117,
178f, 182, 182f, 191, 261
nervous system interaction, 186–187,
186f, 187f, 191, 261
overview of, 76
during prenatal development, 341
reproductive system interaction,
191, 211
sensory system interaction, 191
skeletal system interaction, 100
structure and function of, 77f,
178–179, 178f, 179f
tobacco smoke effects on, 177, 188,
188f, 189
urinary system interaction, 191,
225f, 235
Resting membrane potential, 241,
242–243, 242f–243f
REST protein, 352
Restriction enzymes, 414, 414f
Results of experiment, 6, 7f
reporting, 6–7, 7f
Reticular activating system (RAS), 256
Reticular formation, 256, 256f
Retina, 276–277, 276f, 276t, 277f, 278,
279, 279f, 280, 281
Retinal, 278
n Retinal detachment, 281
n Retinitis pigmentosa, X-linked, 284
n Retinoblastoma, 281, 428, 428f
Retinoic acid, 345
Retrovirus, 172, 418–419, 418f
R group, 32, 32f, 34
n Rhabdomyosarcoma, 115
n Rh blood typing, 148, 148fCopyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).