I-42 Index
Rhesus monkeys, 448
n Rheumatic fever, 136, 140
n Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 98, 171,
171f, 171t
Rh factor, 148, 148f
n rhGH (recombinant human growth
hormone), 293
Rhodopsin, 278
n RhoGam (anti-Rh gamma
globulin), 148
n Rhythm (sympto-thermal) method
(contraception), 316, 316t, 328
Rib(s)/rib cage, 91f, 93, 96, 182, 182f,
186, 186f
Ribonucleic acid. See RNA
Ribose, 36, 58, 58f, 409t
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), 408, 411, 411f
Ribosomes
in endoplasmic reticulum, 50, 50f–51f
formation of, 48, 408
function of, 50
as organelles, 44, 44f, 44t
in protein synthesis, 411, 411f, 412,
412f, 413f
structure of, 411, 411f
n Rickets, 295, 295f
Rigor mortis, 109
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
functional groups in, 26f
messenger, 406, 407f, 408–409,
408f–409f, 410, 410f, 412,
412f, 413f
in nucleolus, 48
origin of, 455, 455f
post-synthesis modifications, 409
in protein synthesis, 406–407,
408–409, 408f–409f, 410, 410f,
411, 411f, 412, 412f, 413f
in retroviruses, 172
ribosomal, 408, 411, 411f
structure of, 36, 408, 409t
synthesis of, 408–409, 408f–409f
transfer, 408, 411, 411f, 412,
412f, 413f
RNA polymerase, 408–409, 408f–409f
Rocky Mountains, 461f
Rod cells, 278–279, 278f, 278t, 279f
Roller coasters, 275f
Root, of tooth, 198, 198f
Root, of vertebrae, 251f
Root canal, of tooth, 198f
Rooting reflex, 247
Rotation (joint), 97f
Rotavirus, 168t, 210, 210f
Rough endoplasmic reticulum, 44f, 50,
50f–51f, 413
Round window, 272f–273f, 273
n Rubella virus, 136, 168t, 345
Ruffini endings, 268, 269f
Rugae, 200
Russian royal family, 394f, 395f
S
n Sabin polio vaccine, 168
Saccharin, 271
Saccule, 274, 274f
Sacral nerves, 249f
Sacrum, 93, 93f, 95f
n SAD (seasonal affective
disorder), 300
Sahelanthropus tchadensis, 452, 452f
n Salinization (of soil), 480
Saliva, 64, 69f, 160, 165, 165t,
198–199, 198f
Salivary amylase, 198, 205t
Salivary glands, 69, 196f, 198, 198f,
205t, 207, 207f
Salmonella bacteria, 165, 176, 210,
210f, 430
Salt (NaCl; table salt)
dissolving of in water, 23, 23f
homeostasis, 82
n and hypertension, 129t
structure of, 20, 20f
Salt(s), 25
bile, 31, 204, 205f
ions released from, 25
losses, through sweating, 83
urinary system processing of,
228–229, 228f, 229t, 230–231,
230f, 231f
Saltatory conduction, 246
Sample groups, 7
Sampling error, 7, 12, 12f
Sanitation improvements, and
population growth, 472
SA (sinoatrial) nodes, 128, 128f, 135f
n Sarcomas, 99, 99f, 115, 172f, 431, 434
Sarcomere, 108–109, 108f, 109f, 110, 110f
Sarcoplasmic reticulum, 50, 110,
110f, 113
n SARS (severe acute respiratory
syndrome), 10, 10f, 190, 190f
Sartorius, 105f
Saturated fat, 30, 30f
Saturated fatty acids, 212, 212t
Scabs, 151, 151f
Scala tympani, 272, 272f–273f
Scala vestibuli, 272, 272f–273f
n Scanning electron microscope, 45, 45f
Scapula (shoulder blade), 91f, 94, 94f
Scar tissue, in lung disorders, 189
n Schistosomiasis, 173t
n Schizophrenia, 249, 259, 400, 417f
Schwann cells, 246, 246f, 248, 335
n Sciatica, 248
Sciatic nerves, 249f
n SCID (severe combined immune
deficiency), 171, 418, 419f
Science. See also Biotechnology; Genetic
engineering; Scientific research
n critical thinking in, 8, 8t
n vs. morality and esthetics, 9n natural world, research on, 6–7,
6f, 7f, 9
n vs. religion, 14
n research bias in, 14
n theories in, 9, 9t
Scientific method, 6–7, 9
Scientific names of species, 450, 450t
n Scientific research. See also
Biotechnology
n on aging, 348
n on anti-HIV drugs/vaccines, 172
n on appetite, 6–7, 7f
n on brain structure and function,
249, 259
n on cancer, 372, 425
n controversy in, 9
n on gene therapy, 284
n on genetic diseases, 382, 384
n on genetic factors in behavior, 382
n by geneticists, 376–377, 376f, 377f,
390–391, 390f, 391f, 395, 396,
396f, 402
n on genetic vs. environmental risk
factors, 381
n monoclonal antibodies in, 169, 169f
n on natural world, 6–7, 6f, 7f, 9
n on nerve growth factors, 258
n on neurons, regrowth of, 264
n on pharmacogenetics, 396, 396f
n scientific theories in, 9
n on stem cells, 67, 67f, 73, 86, 258,
318, 330, 421
Scientific theory, 9, 9t
Sclera, 276, 276f, 276t, 280
Scrotum, 310, 311f
S-curve, in logistic growth, 474, 474f
n Scurvy, 86
n Seafood
“cooking” of, by denaturation, 35
overharvesting of, 9, 486, 487f
n Seasonal affective disorder
(SAD), 300
Sebaceous (oil) glands, 69, 78, 78f,
79, 348
Sebum, 79
n Seconal, 260
n Secondary consumers, 462, 464f
Secondary immune response, 162, 162f
Secondary oocytes, 308, 308f, 314, 315,
315f, 363, 363f. See also Eggs
Secondary sexual traits, 306, 313, 347,
389, 399
Secondary spermatocytes, 312, 312f
Secondary structure of protein, 34, 34f
Secondary succession, 460
n Secondhand smoke, 188, 435
Second messengers, 288–289, 289f
Secretin, 207, 207f, 207t, 292t, 300
Secretion(s). See also Fluids
in digestive tract, 197
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