Exotic Brome-Grasses in Arid and Semiarid Ecosystems of the Western US

319 and in the absence of competition from native perennial plants, the remaining indi- viduals tend to produce more seeds for t ...

320 timing of grazing may play less of a role in Bromus dominance in regions with higher grazing tolerance , such as Great Plain ...

321 Deserts, cover of B. tectorum and the upright annual forb, Lepidium perfoliatum L. (clasping pepperweed), increased with nea ...

322 Colorado (40 %) and Bend, Oregon (37 %) (Mackun and Wilson 2011 ). A population rise results in increases in use of fossil f ...

323 the road shoulder and the vegetation). Some state and federal agencies are requiring weed-free gravel, yet, similar to weed- ...

324 vehicles when they were mixed with soil. If the soil dried on the vehicle and the vehicle was driven under dry road conditio ...

325 pads and warned that these disturbances would be prone to potential future invasions of Bromus. Power line rights-of-ways an ...

326 11.3.3.1 Impacts of Land Uses, Exotic Annual Bromus , and Fire on Sagebrush-Dependent Wildlife The sagebrush biome is one of ...

327 the likelihood of Bromus becoming dominant (Chambers et al. 2014b ). Mowing may be a more promising treatment for enhancing ...

328 ecosystems to Bromus and degradation of wildlife habitats, and to restore native plant communities that are resilient to str ...

329 along road verges could consider the timing of Bromus reproduction, to potentially reduce Bromus populations along with othe ...

330 provide managers with early-warning indicators of the potential loss in plant com- munity resilience in areas impacted by Br ...

331 References Albrecht DE (2008) Population brief: the changing west – a regional overview. Western Rural Development Center, U ...

332 Brooks ML, Chambers JC, McKinley RA (2013) Fire history, effects, and management in southern Nevada. In: Chambers JC, Brooks ...

333 Dahlgren DK, Chi R, Messmer T (2006) Greater sage-grouse response to sagebrush management in Utah. Wildl Soc B 34:975–985 Da ...

334 Hardin G (1968) Tragedy of the commons. Science 162:1243–1248 Harper JL (1977) Population biology of plants. Academic, Londo ...

335 Leu M, Hanser SE, Knick ST (2008) The human footprint in the west: a large-scale analysis of anthropogenic impacts. Ecol App ...

336 Noss RF, LaRoe ET III, Scott JM (1995) Endangered ecosystems of the United States: a prelimi- nary assessment of loss and de ...

337 Strand EK, Launchbaugh KL, Limb R et al (2014) Livestock grazing effects on fuel loads for wildland fi re in sagebrush domin ...

339 Chapter 12 Assessing Restoration and Management Needs for Ecosystems Invaded by Exotic Annual Bromus Species Thomas A. Monac ...